国际私法上的法律规避制度

本文主要探讨了法律规避的概念及构成要件,比较了各国关于法律规避制度的理论与实践,其中对法律规避的对象和法律规避的效力这两个各国学者争论的焦点进行了比较分析,认为法律规避的对象应包括外国法和内国法,而法律规避的效力则分三种情况,每种情况都有不同的国家立法支持。     

论行政不作为的国家赔偿责任

行政不作为是相对于行政作为而言的一种违法行政行为。行政不作为侵犯公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益造成损害的 ,国家应当承担赔偿责任。但我国现行《国家赔偿法》对行政不作为的国家赔偿责任没有做出明确规定 ,一定程度上影响了行政相对人的合法权宜。因此 ,应界定行政不作为的含义 ,明确国家对行政不作为承担赔偿责任的必要性及构成要件 ,进一步完善国家立法。     

《人民警察法》规范性的实证分析

《人民警察法》的低适用率折射出法律本身规范性不足的问题。通过对《人民警察法》中124条法律规则的全样本分析表明:31.45%的法律规则的条件假定需要推定,34.7%的法律规则的行为模式需要通过解释方能适用,28.2%的法律规则未能设定任何法律后果。此外,警察法的过分离散化使得警察立法缺乏统一性。因此,《人民警察法》的修改应增加法律的确定性,并应吸收其他相关法,在立法技术上走向法典化。     

Practical Considerations in Trace Element Analysis of Bone by Portable X‐ray Fluorescence

Forensic anthropologists are more often turning to nondestructive methods to assist with skeletal analyses, specifically for trace elemental analyses. Portable XRF (pXRF) instruments are versatile and are able to be used in diverse settings or for specimens of a shape and size that cannot be accommodated by laboratory‐based instruments. Use of XRF requires knowledge of analysis parameters such as X‐ray penetration and exit depth. Analysis depth was determined by examining pure elements through known thicknesses of equine bone slices. Correlation between the element's X‐ray emission energy and the depth of reading was observed. Bone surfaces from a small unknown historic cemetery were analyzed before and after sanding of the periosteal surface to observe possible changes in XRF readings based on potential diagenesis. Results validate the pXRF device as a powerful and convenient instrument for nondestructive analysis, while highlighting limitations and considerations for the analysis of osseous materials.     

刑事附带搜查制度探微

刑事附带搜查,是执法者在执行拘留、逮捕等强制措施时,基于＂保护执法人员及其他相关人员安全＂和＂避免证据毁损或灭失＂的目的,搜查被追诉者的无证搜查制度。为协调我国关于刑事附带搜查法律规定的粗疏与司法实践较广泛运用之间的冲突,必须构建我国刑事附带搜查制度,其主要内容涉及附带搜查的类型、范围及其保护性扫视。     

公益捐赠的法律属性刍议——汶川地震引发的法律思索之一

2008年5月12日四川汶川发生大地震,随之而来,我国及世界各国掀起了史无前例的范围广大、数额巨大的捐赠活动．公益捐赠不仅可以实现捐赠人善良美好的愿望,也给家园破碎、失去亲人的灾区人民送去了温暖和慰籍。与此同时,捐赠引发的系列问题却又进入人们的思考：如对公益捐赠款物利用和发放的监督、空头捐赠以及捐赠的税收等。因此,探讨公益捐赠的法律属性,从公益捐赠的定义入手,先归纳公益捐赠所具备的法律性质．再论证公益捐赠的法律关系所具有的必备要素。对于正确认识和解决上述问题至关重要。     

影响道路交通安全的若干因素

文章以2007年辽宁省本溪市明山区所发生道路交通事故的统计数据和典型案件为例,结合该区的具体情况分别从参与交通活动的人员、车辆、道路以及交通环境四方面要素,分析了影响交通事故发生的主要原因,提出了预防交通事故发生的几点意见,以确保道路交通安全。     

我国著作权法取消作品合法性要件探析

2010年修改后的著作权法第四条取消了原法对作品合法性要件的规定,只涉及对作者行使权力的违法规制。原法第四条虽存在立法瑕疵,但其对作品合法性要件的规定并无错误,修订中可对原法模糊之处作技术性处理而不应全盘否定。此次修法有违宪法精神和著作权法的立法宗旨,同时也造成与现行行政法规的不协调等诸多弊端。建议著作权法恢复作品合法性要件的规定,在此前提下加以修改完善。     

An Elemental Definition of Democracy and its Advantages for Comparing Political Regime Types

The way democracy is studied today is confusing due to the many definitions applied. More importantly, it is also flawed in that several cases are excluded as they suffer from the unfortunate circumstances that they have undergone a particular sequence of democratic developments according to a pattern not recognized. This article attempts to spark a debate that will hopefully lead to a new definition of democracy – one that is neutral in its view of the different elements of democracy, can be applied to regimes across the globe, and which also facilitates comparative studies of all kinds. To begin the debate, the article examines previous definitions – and particularly the use of diminished subtypes – before putting forward an alternative: the so-called ‘elemental definition’.     

The development of an inter‐nation tensiometer

The military expenditure (M.E.) of a nation depends partly on its wealth as measured by its Gross National Product (GNP), partly on geography, and partly on its presence in an alliance. The authors describe a method for calculating the M.E. value if it depended solely on the GNP; the value of the M.E. so obtained is termed the theoretical M.E. (M.E._Th.). Dividing the actual M.E. by the M.E._Th. (and multiplying by 100) yields a pure number, the tension ratio (T.R.). We regard tension as a function of geography (thus having a hostile neighbor increases tension and having a friendly neighbor decreases tension) and of membership in an alliance (which should cause a relaxation of tension). Tension ratios were calculated for 63 countries. Of the 13 nations engaged in a war, 76.9 percent had T.R. values greater than 155. Of the 43 nations not engaged in a war, only 26 percent had T.R. values greater than 155. Application of the chi square tests and the Kolmogorov‐Smimov test showed the association of high T.R.s concurrent with wars and antecedent to wars to be significant at the 95 percent probability level. Threshold T.R. values can pinpoint critical, potentially violent situations. Membership in an alliance does not seem as important as the effect of geography (the geographic factor includes the perception of hostility or friendliness in a neighboring country).