Italian Ultras Today: Change or Decline?

The authors describe a particular form of football hooliganism, namely the behaviour displayed by particular groups of young fans - in Italy the so-called ultras - consisting of acts of vandalism and systematic aggression to the detriment of similar opposing groups both within and, above all, outside the stadiums. The development over the last decade is outlined and the authors try to explain the current situation and the most recent changes. They show that, in spite of the diminishing number of incidents in the last years, this violence is changing appearance: on the one hand, it turns against the police; on the other hand it declines into pure vandalism and juvenile deviance. An important moment was the crisis caused by the death of an ultras in 1995, which marked a turning point between the 'old way' of the ultras and the new developments. A brief comparison is made with the English situation, both on the appearance of hooliganism as well as on the preventive policies, the police and the legislation on acts of hooliganism and sports violence.Italian Association of Sport for All     

类型思维:刑法中规范构成要件要素存在的法理根据

理性至上与科学实证主义为刑法中记述性构成要件要素的创建及其普遍化提供了原动力,而同时它们的历史局限性也为规范构成要件要素的产生与存在敞开了大门。法学方法一元论为规范构成要件要素的类型特征与开放结构奠定了认识论基础,而规范构成要件要素的类型结构则是法学方法一元论在刑法中的一种具体体认。对规范构成要件要素具体内涵的把握也必将成为司法实践中的一个重要内容,刑法诠释方法的发达必将成为其发展方向。     

A fast ultrasound-assisted extraction procedure for trace elements determination in hair samples by ICP-MS for forensic analysis

An ultrasound-assisted extraction method is proposed for the determination of trace elements in hair samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for forensic investigation. Prior to analysis, 25 mg of hair samples were accurately weighed into (15 mL) conical tubes. Then, 2 mL of 20% HNO₃ is added to the samples, sonicated at 2 min (50 W, 100% amplitude), and then further diluted to 10 mL with Milli-Q water. Resulted diluted slurries are centrifuged and the analytes are directly determined in the supernatant. Calibrations against aqueous solutions were carried out with rhodium as internal standard. The method was successfully applied for the extraction of Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Tl, U, V and Zn with a method detection limit (3 s, n = 20) of 0.1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.09, 0.08, 0.04, 0.1, 2.9, 1.0, 0.9, 0.04, 0.05, 0.1 and 4.2 ng/g, respectively. Method accuracy is traceable to Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) 85 and 86 human hair from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Additional validation data are provided based on the analysis of hair samples from the trace elements intercomparison program operated by the Institut National de Sante’ Publique du Quebec, Canada. The proposed method is very simple and can be applied for forensic purposes with the elimination of sample digestion step prior to analysis. Then, a considerable improvement in the sample throughput is archived with the use of the proposed method.     

主观要件证明难题的一体化破解——兼论要素分析模式之提倡

我国关于主观要件的证明已实现三大转变：一是证明依据由“主观性证据至上”到“客观性证据优先”;二是证明对象由“主观要件优先”到“客观要件优先”;三是证明方法由“思路单一”到“对策多元”。主观要件证明难题的解决需要实体法与程序法协力并进。实体法层面宜改采要素分析模式,允许在一罪名内部存在不同性质的主观要素,不以行为人对后果的主观态度作为罪过唯一的判断标准,承认主观要素在刑法规范层面存在位阶关系。要素分析模式符合罪责原则,与我国推行的陪审员制度改革精神契合,且符合疑罪从无的要求,可以显著降低证明难度。     

行政摊派之违法性研究——以社会管理创新为视角

行政摊派作为一种违法要求行政相对人提供人力、财力和物力的行为,广泛存在于当今政府的社会管理中,具有明显的单方性、外部性、设定义务性以及无充分依据的特性。行政摊派违法之构成要件,主要表现为摊派主体的特定性、主观故意、客观上实施了摊派行为以及客体上侵犯了法律保护的公共利益和私人利益。其违法性成立的理论基础还在于,行政摊派既不能从行政权的公益性和优先性中推出,也不能从行政执法裁量中推出,更不能从公权对抗私权的逻辑中推出。行政摊派具有明显的社会危害性,是一种完全背离民主法治精神、违背依法行政原则的行为,只有对其违法性有充分认识,才能从观念上和行动上制止、杜绝该类行为的滋生蔓延。     

Trace Element Analysis of Rough Diamond by LA‐ICP‐MS: A Case of Source Discrimination?*,†

Abstract: Current profiling of rough diamond source is performed using different physical and/or morphological techniques that require strong knowledge and experience in the field. More recently, chemical impurities have been used to discriminate diamond source and with the advance of laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) empirical profiling of rough diamonds is possible to some extent. In this study, we present a LA‐ICP‐MS methodology that we developed for analyzing ultra‐trace element impurities in rough diamond for origin determination (“profiling”). Diamonds from two sources were analyzed by LA‐ICP‐MS and were statistically classified by accepted methods. For the two diamond populations analyzed in this study, binomial logistic regression produced a better overall correct classification than linear discriminant analysis. The results suggest that an anticipated matrix match reference material would improve the robustness of our methodology for forensic applications.     

论警察权的性质与特点

警察权不同于行政权,既不是来源于行政权,也不是由行政法规范的结果。警察权需要通过法律表现出来,法律反映警察权,法律规范警察权;规范警察权的部门法就是警察法。警察权是由警察权主体、警察权客体以及警察权的实现手段三个基本要素构成。公共权力是警察权的内在本质,警察权的基本性质是由公共权力决定的。警察权具有执行性、强制性、公益性和义务性等特点。     

试分析节目版式在著作权法中的定性与保护

节目版式的著作权保护并非是一个新的法律问题,但节目版式能否构成著作权法意义上的作品始终存在争议。通过国内外相关案件判决的梳理,世界各国对于电视节目版式的定义、性质以及在司法实践中的做法也始终没有达成较为统一的意见。事实上,一档综艺节目版式的核心与价值在于其版式创意,属于著作权法中的“思想”范畴。另外,从节目版式之间的竞争法上法益关系分析其保护出路。     

权利哲学的基本问题

权利的概念、要件、类别和根据,是研究权利所要把握的基本问题。围绕这些问题,形成了权利的分析理论、价值理论和社会理论。权利的分析理论主要包括霍菲尔德的学说以及要求论与资格论、利益论与意志论之间的论辩。权利的价值理论主要包括关于权利的重要性、权利限制以及权利衡量等问题的若干学说。     

四要件犯罪构成的结构性缺失及其颠覆——从正当行为切入的学术史考察

对于我国目前的四要件的犯罪构成理论是否应当加以推倒重构,在刑法学界存在较大的争议。从正当行为的体系性地位出发,采用学术史的考察方法进行分析,可以发现正当行为在四要件的犯罪构成中地位之阙如,使得极度宣称以社会危害性为中心的犯罪构成实际上具有形式化的特征,这是四要件的犯罪构成的结构性缺失。正是这一结构性缺失决定了四要件的犯罪构成不可避免地被颠覆的最终命运,本文只不过是"发现"并从逻辑上论证了这一客观事实。