Elite Co-optation,Repression, and Coups in Autocracies

This article provides an explanation for the significant variation in coups in autocracies. The existing theoretical literature focuses on the strategies that leaders use to thwart mass mobilization and survive in power. However, most autocratic leaders lose power through a coup, indicating that the main threats to political survival in autocracies emerge from insiders and not from outside the incumbent coalition. This article focuses on leaders’ strategies to mitigate elite threats and argues that autocrats’ strategies of co-optation and repression within the ruling elite and the armed forces affect the risk of coups in opposite ways. Elected authoritarian legislatures are instruments that leaders employ to co-opt members of the incumbent coalition and are expected to decrease the likelihood of coups. In contrast, purges of insider actors constitute a repressive strategy that depletes bases of support and increases the risk of coups. We find empirical support for these hypotheses from a sample of all authoritarian regimes from 1950 to 2004.     

别让权利沉睡——两大法系小额诉讼之比较研究及对我国的借鉴

随着我国经济和社会的发展,小额案件不断增多。为了迅速地解决大量的小额纠纷,我国必须建立小额诉讼程序。本文在对两大法系的小额诉讼程序进行比较研究之后,提出了我国应当如何借鉴的建议。     

An analysis of news sources used in reports on slavery in the Sudan in the New York Times and Washington Post between 1986 and 2001

Abstract

For over 25 years the Sudan and the United States have had a contentious relationship. In 1986 several international human rights organisations pointed to the re-emergence of the practice of slavery in the Sudan. Past research by American media has shown that journalists tend to use routine channels and American government officials, especially those from the ‘golden triangle’ (the White House, Pentagon and State Department) when covering stories related to foreign countries. However, in the case of the Sudan there was no clear American foreign policy for an extended period of time. Consequently, there was a stark absence of reporting on the slavery issue in the two elite American newspapers (the New York Times and the Washington Post) examined in this study. Furthermore, even when the topic was covered the sources used defined the issue through an American perspective, rather than within an historical and geopolitical context.     

社区养老：农村空巢老人养老的主导模式

在老龄化和工业化的双重背景下,农村空巢老人越来越多。较之其他老人,这个群体更为脆弱,面临的养老问题更为严峻。在农村空巢家庭中,传统的家庭养老模式已被颠覆,机构养老又面临着重重困境,使农村空巢老人的养老处于一种尴尬的境地。社区养老作为一种新型的养老模式,能够利用社区内外的各种资源,为农村空巢老人提供生活上的照护、医疗保健和精神慰藉等方面的养老服务,具有很大的优越性,是农村空巢老人养老的理想选择,应成为当前农村空巢老人养老的主导模式。     

元禄时期日本中下层町家女性形象分析——以井原西鹤《世间胸算用》为中心

井原西鹤于元禄5年（1692年）出版的小说《世间胸算用》以当时町人的经济现实状况为素材,正视了那些贪恋金钱、在艰难的生活中痛苦挣扎的中、下层町人,把如何生存、如何生活下去作为思考的问题,肯定了受金钱折磨的中、下层町人的生活,描绘了在严峻的现实环境中艰难生存的人的力量。通过对《世间胸算用》中中、下层町家女性的职业、对生活的姿态、地位的分析,不仅可以了解江户时代中期中、下层町家女性的生存实态以及她们的形象特征,也能够理解生存重压下的这些女性对＂自爱＂和＂自由＂之向往与她们在现实生活中的无奈。     

论现代政治体系中的政治录用

政治录用是政治系统为了填充体系中的政治角色对社会成员或组织进行的选择与诱导。它主要包括两种政治角色的录用，一种是公民角色的录用；一种是精英角色的录用。政治录用的标准在形式上分为政治标准与专业标准两个类型，二者相互矛盾又缺一不可。对于国家政权来说，政治录用具有保持政治体系的稳定性、提升公民政治素质、社会价值导向和政策制定的科学性与政策执行的有效性的功能，是一个国家政治制度延续的必要条件。     

Consequences of sexual harassment in sport for female athletes

Abstract

Sexual harassment research was first undertaken in the workplace and educational settings. Research on sexual harassment in sport is scarce but has grown steadily since the mid-1980s. Even so, very little is known about the causes and/or characteristics and/or consequences of sexual harassment in sport settings. This article reports on the findings from interviews with 25 elite female athletes in Norway who indicated in a prior survey (n = 572) that they had experienced sexual harassment from someone in sport. The consequences of the incidents of sexual harassment that were reported were mostly negative, but some also reported that their experiences of sexual harassment had had no consequences for them. ‘Thinking about the incidents’, a ‘destroyed relationship with the coach’, and ‘a more negative view of men in general’ were the most often negative consequences mentioned. In addition, a surprising number had chosen to move to a different sport or to drop out of elite sport altogether because of the harassment.     

“于一家频盗及一时而盗数家”的古代立法及其现代启示

唐律在“窃盗”条的疏文中规定“其有于一家频盗及一时而盗数家者，并累而倍论”，古代自此始有“于一家频盗”和“一时而盗数家”这种犯罪形态和计赃规则的专门立法，元律和明清律对此予以变更，并在计赃上“以一主为重”。相比之下，唐律“累而倍论”的计赃规则公平合理。这种形态无论是古代还是现代，都是客观存在的社会现实，古代窃盗立法的“于一家频盗”和“一时而盗数家”形态的提出以及立法处置，对我们研究现代相关犯罪同样情形的形态认定和法律适用具有启发意义。     

给付行政中心理援助制度的构建——基于失独家庭的人文关怀

我国对失独家庭实施的“计划生育家庭特别扶助制度”,系基于人文关怀理念而建立的行政救助制度.对失独家庭的救助,物质上的帮助和精神上的抚慰处于同等重要的地位,但我国的“计划生育家庭特别扶助制度”中却仅规定政府有给付扶助金的义务.基于生存权、公民公法上的受益权内涵的拓展,以及我国于5月1日施行的《精神卫生法》规定政府负有促进公众心理健康的义务,在行政救助中建立完整的、普适性的心理援助体系已成为法学界亟需解决的问题.由于心理援助与法律援助具有相似性,故应借鉴运行成熟的法律援助制度建立我国的心理援助制度,并注意心理援助制度的适用范围、启动方式、援助内容和当事人的信息保密等问题.     

HUNTER‐GATHERER COLLABORATIVE PRACTICE

This article describes the development of a practice group based on a hunter‐gatherer model, with the mission of providing high quality collaborative divorce services, with an emphasis on protecting children and divorcing partners, and expanding access to middle‐ and lower‐income families. The practice group professional disciplines include law, mental health divorce coaching, co‐parent coaching, financial analysis, and case administration. These professionals have collectively associated their individual practices to address challenges facing their collaborative practices. With common purpose, the practice group builds skills, generates client base, nurtures trust, and lays a common knowledge base. Collaborative divorce teams formed from its members serve divorcing families with efficient, cost‐conscious, interest‐based negotiation processes that protect children and help parties productively move on with their lives.