Organised Informality and Suitcase Trading in the Pearl River Delta Region

ABSTRACT

Suitcase trade is a common activity along state borders in Asia. Existing scholarship has often viewed such suitcase trade as locally embedded activities characterised by informality. This article contends that this perception underestimates the diversity and complexity of suitcase trade. This is illustrated with a case study of the Pearl River Delta region of southern China, where thousands of suitcase traders carry goods across the borders between mainland China and its two Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macao. Several patterns of operation run in parallel, ranging from petty traders working alone to highly-organised group operators. While each individual transaction is small scale and based on informal networks, the entire chain of operations is run by syndicates that are highly organised, commercial, with well-defined divisions of labour, and on a large scale. We describe such a combination of organisational competence and informal networks as “organised informality.” The concept allows us to expand the analytical horizon to cover those cross-border exchanges that incorporate modern commercial practices in otherwise non-formal settings. It also bridges the oft-criticised dichotomies of formal-informal and licit-illicit.     

黑龙江省口岸与中俄边贸

黑龙江省以省会城市哈尔滨为中心沿边境线呈扇形分布着15个口岸城市。十一届三中全会以后，沿边口岸相继得到开放。口岸作为一种重要的经济资源，有利于促进中俄边贸的繁荣、推动黑龙江省资源的优化配置和产业结构的合理化、振兴沿边地区经济。     

网上证券交易:挑战、法律困境及出路

网上证券交易逐渐成为现代证券市场重要的交易方式和目标模式 ,其技术上的优势给现代证券交易提供了良好的发展机遇 ,其所造成的市场结构和交易条件的改变又对市场各方和现行法律形成了巨大的挑战。针对网上证券交易带来的主体、交易平台和系统、交易形式、安全和风险、监管、争议解决等方面的法律困境 ,应坚持“三公”和“保护投资者利益”原则 ,从监管体制、市场准入机制、场外替代交易类型、交易形式效力规则、风险安全保障、争议处理等六个方面完善相关的制度。     

The Macroeconomic Effects of 2017 Through 2025 Federal Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards

In the absence of a national carbon price, the federal Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards and the related greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) standards are the primary mechanisms through which the U.S. reduces transportation GHG emissions. In 2012, these standards were set to rise for light‐duty vehicles between 2017 and 2025, eventually achieving a target of 54.5 miles per gallon in 2025. Since 2012, conditions have changed: forecasts of future gasoline prices have dropped dramatically, consumers have demanded larger vehicles, and the cost of compliance appears to be larger than previously thought. In this article, we analyze the possible macroeconomic effects of the standards with both 2012 inputs and updated inputs to reflect these new market developments. The results reveal that the short‐term effects of the federal standards will be negative, but the long‐term effects will be positive, using both 2012 and updated inputs. The transition from annual negative employment impacts to positive impacts occurs between 2023 and 2026, depending on which set of assumptions are used. Possible revisions to the standards that freeze them at 2020 levels or decrease their stringency reduce short‐term negative impacts but also reduce long‐term positive impacts. We conclude with a discussion of policy implications as they relate to the current energy and climate policy conditions.     

股份回购中内幕交易行为之证券法规制

在公司股份回购过程中,容易产生内幕交易等证券违法行为。美、日等国家一般在放松公司股份回购的同时,在证券法中加强对内幕交易等证券违法行为的联动规范。但我国在公司法中增加股份回购事由的规定时,并未在证券法中对信息披露、内幕交易行为作联动规范。鉴于此,我们应在证券法中针对股份回购中的内幕交易行为作联动规范,将公司规定为内幕人员;股份回购行为本身构成应披露的内幕信息;限制内部人交易本公司的股份;同时还应禁止公司的短线交易行为。     

《京都议定书》框架下促进我国企业履行环境责任的思考

<京都议定书>是各成员国为应对全球变暖达成温室气体减排承诺的环境协议,我国作为发展中国家在<京都议定书>谈判的第三阶段将面临减排的压力,温室气体减排主要取决于相关行业的发展和企业环境责任的承担情况.企业的环境责任作为企业承担社会责任的组成部分,在理论上刚刚兴起.培育企业环境责任意识,完善企业环境责任理论,探索企业环境责任承担相应机制以实现企业的经济效益增长与社会环境效益的双赢.     

论缔约过失中的交易机会损失 ——基于10个典型案件的分析与展开

现行法对缔约过失责任的赔偿范围不明确。司法实践对于交易机会损失是否属于缔约过失责任的赔偿范围以及交易机会损失的赔偿范围之认定存在诸多矛盾。交易机会损失属于缔约过失责任的赔偿范围,与履行利益存在差别。实践中交易机会损失的计算方法决定了其不会超过履行利益,但需避免重复赔偿并且贯彻损害赔偿法的一般原则。     

Converging Markets

The crucible in this scenario for the international climate regime is the emergence of an effective and liquid international carbon market with participation of private entities. In order to make the carbon market effective a bilateral negotiation track will develop, operating in parallel with the multilateral track under the UNFCCC. The purpose of the bilateral track is to integrate the various emissions trading schemes involving private actors. This bilateral track feeds into the UNFCCC negotiations, which still represents the main arena for the international climate negotiations. Through the bilateral, bottom-up negotiations, a multistage system develops, with differentiated rights and duties, complemented by a package of coordinated support mechanisms. The advantages of such a bottom-up approach prove to be, inter alia, fewer negotiating parties, new negotiation arenas, and a new set of selective incentives. The result is a continuously evolving agreement with the potential to gradually broaden participation and deepen the reduction commitments of the international climate regime. Moreover, the bilateral agreements for linking schemes with private actors also represent a fallback in the event of a collapse in the multilateral negotiations.The article has been written by funding from the Central Research Institute for the Electric Power Industry in Tokyo and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It also represents an output of research financed by the Research Council of Norway, project no. 144768/520. The authors thank all three institutions for the funding, as well as the many participants at the workshops where the ideas in the paper have been presented. Their criticism and suggestions have been very stimulating, indeed.     

服务贸易总协定的主要法律制度分析

服务贸易总协定(GeneralAgreementinTrades,简称GATs)是历史上第一个关于服务贸易的全球性具有法律约束力的多边协议,是国际服务贸易逐步实现自由化的里程碑,它对于消除和降低贸易壁垒,消除服务贸易的垄断,推动国际服务贸易的发展具有十分重要的意义。然而它也只是一个谨慎的阶段性的妥协产物,仍有许多需要明确和完善之处。     

我国排污收费制度存在的问题及对策

排污收费制度是我国环境法律制度中的一项基本制度,对污染的治理和环境的改善起到了重要的作用。但是,我国现行的排污收费制度无论在立法上还是在实践中都存在着一些问题,导致排污费征收情况不容乐观。因此,我们必须要不断完善排污收费制度,将经济建设和环境保护协调统一起来,在发展经济的同时更要注重污染治理。