Britain's smart meter programme: A case study in privacy by design

Following requirements in the 1996 EU Energy Efficiency Directive, member states are developing programmes to encourage the installation of ‘smart’ power meters that record much larger quantities of data about power usage than traditional meters. These data can reveal a great deal of information about individual household activity, leading privacy regulators to call for privacy to be ‘designed in’ to these systems. The British smart metering programme has given some attention to this privacy by design process. This article assesses its effectiveness in this case, using documentary analysis, participant observation, and follow-up interviews with a range of stakeholders. It finds that decisions made early in the British programme had negative privacy impacts that have only been partially remedied by the later development of detailed rules on the processing of smart meter data by energy suppliers and distributors. The article also considers broader lessons for the privacy by design approach.     

荧光检验法在朱墨时序鉴定中的应用研究

朱墨时序鉴定一直是文书司法鉴定实践中常见的鉴定项目,也是研究的热点和疑难问题.通过实验研究并结合检案实践,较系统地阐述了视频荧光光谱检验法和显微荧光检验法在朱墨时序鉴定的具体应用,探讨了荧光检验的技术要点.研究表明,荧光检验法（特别是显微荧光检验法）具有普通显微检验法的优点,同时对普通显微检验法中难以观察到的印文或文字色料荧光特性及色料的微观分布状态,具有明显的检验效果,是普通显微检验法有效的补充检验手段.     

The Determinants of Salience of Energy Issues

Studies show that salience of an issue influences the behavior of political elites, policy responses, and the attitudes of the public. Yet while the effects of salience are given considerable attention, less is known about the factors that produce salience. Specifically, what are the determinants of an issue's salience? We examine salience of energy issues in the United States over the past six decades and make two contributions. First, we provide systematic explanations of issue salience. Second, contrary to popular conceptions that energy salience is driven entirely by gasoline prices, or some scholarly analyses that salience depends on crises, we argue that other factors increase salience. Specifically, we find that political actors and activities increase energy salience, even after controlling for higher gas prices and shocks. This is an important finding; political dynamics enhance salience. Meaningful political action, therefore, driven by enhanced salience, is not entirely dependent on market forces or unplanned events.     

Energy Abundance or Environmental Worries? Analyzing Public Support for Fracking in the United States

This paper provides an analysis of public attitudes toward fracking use and policies with an eye toward factors that help us account for differing levels of support. Using data from a national survey of American adults, we found that women and people residing in urban areas are slightly more inclined to oppose fracking and to favor more regulation in terms of drilling operations and company chemical disclosure requirements than men or people living in rural areas. Our key findings, however, are that opposition to fracking and support for current or increased levels of regulation are strongly related to Democratic Party identification and to pro‐environmental policy attitudes. We conclude by suggesting that a tendency for people to view fracking as an environmental rather than an energy issue has potentially important implications for the implementation of locally based regulatory requirements.     

试论我国生态文明建设的基本目标和基础工程

人口、资源、能源、环境、生态和灾害是自然界的最基本的物质力量,是影响和制约社会存在和发展的基本条件,其可持续性构成了一切持续性的基础。这样,维持和加强上述因子的可持续性就成为生态文明建设的基本目标和基础工程。我国生态文明建设的基本目标和基础工程是,建设一个人口均衡型社会、资源和能源节约型社会、环境友好型社会、生态安全型社会和灾害防减型社会。在此基础上,我们才能夯实生态文明的自然物质基础。     

北京市低碳交通发展现状、问题与对策研究

在快速城市化进程中,北京市交通设施建设发展迅猛,机动车辆随之增加,由此带来的交通拥堵、能源消耗和碳排放问题日益凸显。该文以北京市2005年至2010年居民出行调查资料为基础,运用低碳交通模型,预测在不同情景模式下各交通方式的发展情况,对不同交通方式的二氧化碳排放量进行计算,分析得出大力发展公共交通及零污染的自行车等交通是北京市实现低碳交通的必然趋势,并提出北京市未来实现低碳交通发展战略及政策治理方面的对策措施。     

不同产地药材牛膝的红外光谱及红外导数光谱鉴别研究

目的 建立不同产地牛膝的红外光谱和红外导数光谱并对其差异性进行分析,为牛膝药材的快速鉴别提供依据.方法 运用傅里叶红外光谱技术结合二阶导数光谱对不同产地的牛膝药材进行鉴别,采用聚类分析和主成分分析对红外光谱数据进行统计分析.结果 牛膝的红外吸收峰主要在3289、2975、2890、1723、1630、1403、1321、1241、1018、927、814、773 cm-1附近,虽然不同产地牛膝所含化学成分具有相似性,但不同产地牛膝红外吸收峰的位置和相对强度存在一定差异;并且在二阶导数红外图谱的1800～800 cm-1波段中有更加明显差别,可以为其鉴别提供更准确的依据.聚类分析显示不同批次间相似度很高,主成分分析结果表明在1723、1630、927、814、651 cm-1等处的吸收峰对区分不同产地牛膝药材的贡献较大,内蒙古自治区赤峰市和河南省焦作市武陟县的牛膝药材综合评分较高.结论 红外光谱法与二阶导数光谱相结合不仅可以提供中药材所含化学成分的相关信息,还可以对其不同产地进行区分,实现对牛膝的快速鉴别.     

傅里叶红外图像无损检验添改数字的研究

目的建立利用傅里叶红外图像系统无损检验添改数字的检验方法。方法采集同种同品牌、同种不同品牌及不同种书写材料书写的数字1改为4和3添加为8两类样本的红外图像,根据红外吸收的光谱信息对其添改进行检验。结果同种不同品牌及不同种书写材料对红外吸收强弱不同,形成的红外图像有差别;同种同品牌书写材料对红外吸收强弱没有明显差别。结论该检验方法不损坏检材,重现性好,并且纸张成分对其分析结果基本上无干扰。     

美国贸易救济案例中的裁决准则与新近变化:基于美对华太阳能“双反”案的考察

美国对华光伏太阳能双反案持续一年多,美国国际贸易委员会实质性损害的肯定裁决,意味着该案暂告一段落。但是本案中美国政府(商务部)的裁决准则和贸易政策的新近变化,却值得后续关注。尤其是案件中涉及调查范围、替代国选择、单独税率、双重救济等法律问题,颇具代表性,并且对今后的双反案件具有很强的指示效应。问题的关键还在于对于上述法律问题的理解,中美双方仍然存在分歧,贸易纠纷并未停息。     

The Impact of Gender,Age and Tissues in vitro on Estimating Postmortem Interval by FTIR Spectroscopy

To investigate the influence of such individual factors as gender,age and tissues in vitro to the postmortem interval(PMI) by the Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectrometer in animal experiments.SD rats were classified into male and female groups,different age groups(21-day,42-day and 63-day group),and tissues in vitro and in vivo groups.The rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation,whose bodies were kept in a controlled environmental chamber set at(20±2) ℃ and 50% humidity.The liver,kidney,spleen,myocardium,brain,lung and skeletal muscle tissues were collected for measurement from time zero to 48 h postmortem.With the change of PMI,no obvious changes were found in the main FTIR absorbance peaks and their ratios at different time points.All the experimental groups showed no significant changes when compared with the controls.The gender,age and tissues in vitro were not found to be contributing factors in the estimation of PMI via FTIR spectroscopy.