拷贝数变异研究新进展

基因拷贝数变异越来越被认为是个体之间在基因组序列差异上的一个重要源泉,是研究基因组进化和表型差异的一个重要因素。许多关于CNV的研究结果表明,拷贝数变异可导致不同程度的基因表达差异,对正常表型的构成及疾病的发生发展具有一定作用。在总结基因拷贝数变异的认识过程和研究策略的基础上,分析了拷贝数变异的形成和作用机制,介绍了第一代人类基因组拷贝数变异图谱,阐述了拷贝数变异研究的法医学意义,提示在探索疾病相关及法医学个体识别的遗传变异时不能错失拷贝数变异这一基因组多样性的新形式。     

论罚款限额的设定方式

罚款是一种重要的行政处罚种类。我国立法上对罚款限额的设定长期、普遍采用绝对数数额的方式。这种方式严重不利于罚款目的的正确实现。应当考虑采用动态的、相对数的罚款限额设定方式,由处罚主体在处罚实施时结合国家公布的有关指标,即时计算出罚款限额,在此基础上行使自由裁量权。     

国外电信法律体制的改革及其对中国的启示

电信业传统上被认为是具有自然垄断性质的行业。为了既避免竞争破坏资源优化配置又保护消费者的利益,许多国家要么对提供服务的私有垄断者进行价格管制,要么对垄断服务企业实行国有化。垄断经营者的低效益和电信技术发展的突飞猛进使得对电信业改革的政治呼声不断提高。在我国电信业改革不断深入的今天,学习外国在互联互通、拨打平等性与号码可带性和频谱分配方面的电信管制改革的政策和实践具有重大的意义。     

Higher Capillary Electrophoresis Injection Settings as an Efficient Approach to Increase the Sensitivity of STR Typing

Abstract:  Evidentiary traces may contain low quantities of DNA, and regularly incomplete short tandem repeat (STR) profiles are obtained. In this study, higher capillary electrophoresis injection settings were used to efficiently improve incomplete STR profiles generated from low-level DNA samples under standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions. The method involves capillary electrophoresis with higher injection voltage and extended injection time. STR peak heights increased six-fold. Inherent to the analysis of low-level DNA samples, we observed stochastic amplification artifacts, mainly in the form of allele dropout and heterozygous peak imbalance. Increased stutter ratios and allele drop-in were rarely seen. Upon STR typing of 10:1 admixed samples, the profile of the major component did not become overloaded when using higher injection settings as was observed upon elevated cycling. Thereby an improved profile of the minor component was obtained. For low-level DNA casework samples, we adhere to independent replication of the PCR amplification and boosted capillary electrophoresis.     

在“少量字”书证字迹检验中应注意的问题

随着犯罪的不断升级,嫌疑人利用文字作案的手段越来越狡猾,书证为＂少量字＂的案件日趋增多。这类案件书证特征很难掌握,检验难度较大,往往不易澄清。但是由于每个人的书写习惯或多或少存在稳定性,在书写过程中固有的特点就能够反映出来。     

析宽严相济刑事政策在检察环节中的若干问题

宽严相济刑事政策是党和国家在当前新形势下惩治犯罪对策,构建和谐社会的理性选择。作为检察机关,如何正确理解和贯彻宽严相济的刑事政策,更好地为构建社会主义和谐社会服务,是当前司法工作中的重大课题。在此,本文结合司法实践对贯彻宽严相济的刑事政策的理解和适用等问题作一初步探讨。     

The Seat Product Model of the effective number of parties: A case for applied political science

This paper extends Taagepera's (2007) Seat Product Model and shows that the effective number of seat-wining parties and vote winning parties can both be predicted with institutional variables alone, namely district magnitude, assembly size, and upper-tier seat share. The expected coefficients are remarkably stable across different samples. Including the further information of ethnic diversity in the models hardly improves the estimate of the effective number of parties, and thus the institutions-only models are preferable on the grounds of parsimony and the applicability to electoral-system design or “engineering”.     

关于信用卡诈骗罪认定的几个问题

根据我国《刑法》第196条规定,信用卡诈骗罪是指行为人以非法占有为目的,采用各种手段利用信用卡进行诈骗活动,骗取数额较大财物的行为。在司法实践中,认定信用卡诈骗罪应注意几个问题:一是罪与非罪的界限问题;二是盗窃并使用他人信用卡的问题;三是关于恶意透支型信用卡诈骗问题。     

Supplementing the effective number of parties

The effective number of parties, N=1/Σp²_i (where p_i is the fractional share of the ith party), usually suffices to describe adequately a constellation of parties of different strengths. Difficulties arise when disparity in party sizes is such that the largest share (p₁) surpasses 0.50 (meaning absolute dominance), while N still indicates a multi-party constellation. In such cases N_∞=1/p₁ is proposed as a supplementary indicator: a value less than 2 indicates absolute dominance. An ‘NP' index proposed earlier is a combination of N and N_∞; its values are close to those of N_∞, but NP sometimes falls below 2 even when many parties are relevant for coalition formation. [Reference to Appendix A] offers an alternative approach based on indices of deviation from a norm, but it proves cumbersome.     

全基因组扩增法应用于低拷贝数DNA检测

目的建立基于多重置换扩增(MDA)技术的全基因组扩增(WGA)方法,实现对低拷贝数(LCN)DNA样品进行分析。方法采用REPLI-g试剂盒对样本进行等温全基因组扩增,扩增产物采用ProfilerPlus试剂盒确定样本的十个STR基因座的等位基因型。结果10pgDNA模板经全基因组扩增后,能够进行DNA分型。结论全基因组扩增可以用于LCN的DNA分析,帮助提高微量物证的检出成功率。