Distribution profile of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB) in rats after oral and subcutaneous doses

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB) is one of the potent hallucinogenic phenylalkylamines, whose ingestion has already caused several deaths reported all over the world. However, there is unsufficient information on DOB properties based on controlled pharmacokinetic studies available. The aim of this study was to clarify the distribution profile of DOB and its phenolic metabolite 2-methoxy-5-hydroxy-4-bromoamphetamine (2M5H4BA) in blood and biological tissues of experimental rats. The rats were administered a 20 mg/kg dose of DOB·HCl by oral ingestion or subcutaneous injection. Plasma and brain, liver and lung tissues were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 h after dosing (three animals per time point). The samples were prepared by a liquid–liquid extraction procedure and the extracts were assayed by GC–MS. After per oral application, DOB peak plasma level of 320 ng/mL was reached after one-hour post dosing as well as 2M5H4BA peak concentration of 203 ng/mL. A rapid phase of DOB absorption, 2M5H4BA formation and their tissue distribution during the first two hours after application were followed by a slow decrease rate of the elimination process until 32 h. After subcutaneous application, high plasma levels of the unchanged parent drug and relatively reduced formation of its metabolite 2M5H4BA were observed. DOB maximum plasma concentration of 1143 ng/mL was reached after one-hour post application, whereas its metabolite peak level after 8 h was 213 ng/mL. The concentration profiles of both compounds in plasma after per oral and subcutaneous administration revealed the existence of significant first pass effect after per oral administration that significantly affected DOB bioavailability. DOB tissue concentrations exceeded plasma and the highest values were found in the lungs, where drug accumulation occurred with prolonged retention till 32 h after subcutaneous dose. Although the plasma/tissue transfer was more effective for the lipophilic parent drug than for its hydroxylated metabolite 2M5H4BA, the metabolite tissue levels were significant. The hallucinogenic potential of 2M5H4BA appearing in brain remains unclear as nothing is known about its pharmacological activity at present.     

农村已婚青年女性自杀现象研究——基于湖北省大冶市丰村的个案分析(1980-2000)

家庭结构及其变动和人们的死亡观念是理解农村已婚青年女性自杀的关键因素。婆媳关系和夫妻关系及两者变迁所呈现出来的双重失衡状态,使得处于劣势地位的已婚青年女性容易走上自杀之路。人们相信死后还有一个存在的世界,并认为在死后的这个世界中,能够看到对造成她们自杀死亡者的惩罚,因而,自杀成为已婚青年女性寻求救助的一种手段。在这两大因素背后,更为基础的社会实践推动了自杀的产生。社会实践现场中自杀后的一系列表达是构成农村已婚青年女性对自杀死亡后进行想象的现实基础。现实生活中这种社会实践的上演与习练,会通过女性意念的投射与模化映置到未来的自杀实践中。     

郑和--中国和平外交的先行者

开展和平外交,是郑和下西洋最主要的目的和活动.郑和船队尊重各地习俗,礼待各国统治者和人民,积极进行文化交流,开展平等贸易,促进了中国与各国间友好关系的建立.郑和下西洋忠实地执行了明王朝睦邻友好的外交政策,谱写了中国与亚非各国和平友好关系的新篇章,使中外经济文化交流达到前所未有的鼎盛局面.     

科学发展观视阈下城乡一体化基层党建新格局构建研究——以北京市朝阳区常营乡为例

"构建城乡统筹的基层党建新格局"理应包括广大新兴农村城市化地区的基层党建这个层面,也即"城乡一体化基层党建",它的构建具有切实的紧迫性与必要性。文章对北京常营乡"村居合一"的城乡一体化基层党建新格局进行了挖掘和研究,总结了其构建途径、实施效果和创新特色,并提出了三点对策,即以科学发展观为灵魂,以地区实际为出发点,以自身建设为落脚点,构建城乡一体化基层党建新格局。     

《公司法》有关公司对外担保新规定的质疑

新修改的《公司法》有关公司对外担保问题的规定,对于规范公司担保秩序有一定的积极意义,但是这些规定也有明显的局限性,主要表现在:规则的自律性和强制性交融,担保的合法有效性未得到明确;法条过于简洁,牺牲了规则的精确性,导致规则的不确定性;过度追求交易安全,片面要求股东大会对担保事项决议,损害交易效率;未给特殊的公司类型留下特别的空间,妨碍公司日常业务的合法开展;法律本身的缺憾加上有关监管规章的未紧密配套,使得有关缺憾更加明显。     

《大戴礼记》诂正

<大戴礼记>因不为两汉经师所传注,以致篇章残落,亡佚过半,今本多有残缺的内容.自北周卢辩作注以来,至清代校释者甚多,然疑义未能尽明,今选取部分条目加以辨正,以资探讨.     

城市道路交通拥堵的原因及其治理对策

目前,道路交通拥堵现象是城市的多发病症。其产生的主要原因在于道路交通规划、建设中存在较大的不合理因素,缺乏先进的交通管理理念,交通组织和管理人才缺乏,交通组织不合理,交通设施配置不科学,公民交通参与意识不强。为此,必须科学规划城市道路建设,统筹治理,加大交通管理学科体系研究,理顺行业办学机制,把好交警入口关和现有交警培训关,运用先进的交通管理理念进行管理,完善交通设施,从细微问题入手找出疾症,加强道路交通管理宣传教育,培养公民主动参与意识。只有这样,才能较好地治理城市道路交通拥堵这个顽疾,保证城市道路的通畅。     

论土地资源生态补偿

生态补偿包括国家通过征收环境资源税以保证政府提供土地资源生态产品的公共服务职能;亦包括对因公共利益(生态保护)的需要而受到损失或者付出经济代价的人给予公正的补偿。土地资源生态补偿必须贯彻一种整体主义的生态补偿观。就我国现行的土地资源生态补偿立法和制度运作而言,其现实可行的模式只能是政府主导型。土地资源环境资源税收以生态受益者对国家所进行的环境经济行为机会成本进行补偿为征收标准;土地资源公益征收性质的生态补偿应当贯彻以被征收人生活水平不低于征收前为补偿标准,其补偿范围包括法律规范所规定并予以救济的维生上的财产性不利益和非财产性不利益。     

Case law of the EPO Boards of Appeal in 2006

Legal context: The article reviews significant decisions handed down by theBoards of Appeal of the European Patent Office (EPO) in 2006,concentrating on decisions of the Enlarged Board and the Boardsof Appeal issued in 2006 and published or to be published inthe OJ EPO. Key points: The article discusses the application of Art. 24 EPC on exclusionand objection to members of the boards of appeal in the lightof the following decisions: G 1/05, T 281/03 and J 15/04; referralspending before the EBA on the subject of divisional applications(Art. 76 EPC and R. 25 EPC) and exclusion from patentabilityunder R. 23d(c) in conjunction with Art. 53a EPC; and decisionsof technical boards of appeal on exclusions from patentability(Arts. 52 (2)(3) and (4) EPC), the requirement of industrialapplicability (Art. 57 EPC) and re-establishment of rights (Art.122 EPC). Practical significance: The article provides an overview of the 2006 case law of theboards of appeal which is particularly useful since most ofthe decisions discussed have not yet been published in the OJEPO. The author is critical of the recent case law on the applicationof Art. 24 EPC (exclusion and objection to members of the boardsof appeal) and reports on several decisions of particular legalinterest.     

从思想政治工作到行政文化建设——新时期思想政治工作的困境与转型

进入新时期新阶段,随着思想政治工作基础和环境的变化,主要是政党从革命到执政的转变、经济从计划到市场的转变、政府从全能到有限的转变和社会从整体到个体的转变,传统思想政治工作正面临着对人民群众和公务员群体双重作用缺失的困境。行政文化与思想政治工作具有共同的属性,是对传统思政工作的创新和超越。因此,新时期加强思想政治建设,应不断加强服务型行政文化、法治型行政文化、民主型行政文化和科学型行政文化的建设。