Tradable Permits for Common‐Pool Resources: An Assessment

Scholars often attribute deterioration in common‐pool resources (CPRs) to ill‐defined property rights and suggest privatization and tradable permit markets as a solution to the commons problem. CPRs are heterogeneous, differing in physical characteristics and use patterns. Regulating their use requires tailored policy solutions that cohere with these characteristics. This paper examines factors that contribute to a well‐performing tradable permit market. While the literature offers rich empirical analyses of individual tradable permit markets, it has not provided an analytical framework enabling comparative analysis of these markets. This paper develops and employs an analytical framework for comparing across markets. The comparative analysis of market performance suggests that markets are not successful in all environmental problems and all demand situations. Further, it shows that even some markets frequently cited as exemplary successes have been that for nonmarket‐related reasons. On the other hand, this comparative analysis identifies sources of success for markets that partial analytical frameworks would have predicted to fail.     

The economic significance of “insignificant” rules

We know relatively little about the economic effects of “insignificant” rules because they are not typically analyzed. Yet, these rules could be cumulatively important. We provide an economic analysis of one proposed rule to control hazardous air pollutants, which is not considered to be economically significant. This rule is of particular interest because it is one of the first in a long series of rules that Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will consider for limiting hazardous air pollutant emissions. Our analysis suggests that the proposed controls that EPA has considered are not likely to pass a benefit–cost test. We recommend that an agency base its decision to allocate additional resources to benefit–cost analysis on the expected value of the improved information. In addition, agencies should consider applying a rule of thumb that would specify a threshold level of risk reduction that needs to be achieved before some kinds of regulation are considered.     

论意识王国基础性事实

羁人意识总是在表现着对人显现着的实在性,此即意识王国的基础性事实,也是哲学研究的原始起点。“意识是实在性的反映”与“实在性的反映是意识”是意识王国基础性事实两端各为主体自身的反思规定性,是其两端联结的不同反思形式。哲学基本问题,便是意识王国基础性事实两端的相关性,而实在性是否可知的问题既是哲学基本问题内涵的真谛所在,同时也是意识王国基础性事实的基本问题。本体论、认识论和价值论,构成意识王国基础性事实的三个意识形式,是它的整个逻辑内容所是。哲学一般的完美整体．是哲学本体论、哲学认识论、哲学价值论三的内在统一,是意识王国基础性事实与其逻辑内容所是的内在统一。意识三国基础性事实．是贯通哲学整个逻辑内容的内在基石。     

对监狱工作法制化的一般性理解

监狱工作法制化,建立健全法律制度,只是基础性工作,落脚点是必须要认真去遵守.这种遵守不但是针对监狱工作本行业的法律制度,而且是针对整个法律体系.法制化应包括法律制度的形成,法律意识的培养,法律程序和法律文化的建设.监狱工作法制化的终极目标应是监狱工作法治化.     

论环境友好行为的形成与培养

环境友好行为划分为目的导向型和结果导向型环境友好行为。因此要采取更新环保观念、健全环保制度和转变发展及消费模式等多元化途径培养环境友好行为。     

Investments in Global Warming Mitigation: The Case of “Activities Implemented Jointly”

This paper examines bilateral cooperation between developed countries (home country) and developing countries (host country) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance carbon dioxide sinks. With the home-host country pair as the unit of analysis, our logistic regression model examines 158 Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) investment projects from 1993 until 2002 across 2541 country-pairs. Because the marginal costs of reducing emissions may be lower in developing countries, the AIJ projects served as a policy laboratory to assess whether such investments might be advantageous to both countries in the event future regimes allowed emission credits from such bilateral projects. Instead of investing in home countries where maximum pollution reductions (or carbon sequestration) might be possible, home countries invest in locations where they can conduct their policy experiments at low transaction costs. Prior trade and aid relationships were used as a proxy. Regarding energy projects, location decisions are driven by home countries’ desire to reduce air pollution that they receive from abroad. Geography – proximity of a host country to a home country – in interaction with host country's coal production, is a very important driver of location decision in AIJ energy sector projects. Location of sequestration projects is impacted by the host country's potential for avoiding deforestation as well as by previous aid and trade patterns between a home and a host country. Proximity is not important in this case.     

当代青年创新意识的培育及教育思维的超越

创新在人的全面发展、社会的文明进步、国家的繁荣富强诸方面意义重大。当代青年创新意识的社会培育重点在于努力培养青年与创新意识相适应的现代意识,积极营造有利于创新的社会环境,超越传统的思想羁绊,创新教育。     

论公安院校学生警察角色意识的培养

警察角色意识就是对警察地位、作用、形象理解和掌握的自觉性、准确性、倾向性的总体反映。警察角色意识的培养是公安院校学生教育的重要方面,主要内容包括:警察职业动机,警察价值观,警察职业道德,警察纪律作风和职业形象。     

高等职业教育教学新理念新方法的探讨

高等职业教育是我国教育体系中一种新型的教育模式,它所培养的目标与传统的本科教育培养目标不同.这要求树立课程意识,把高等职业教育作为一种终身教育,同时要采用科学的教学方法和先进手段,开放数学教育.本文从几个方面对此进行了阐述.     

Regulatory Commitment to Negotiated Agreements: Evidence from the United States, Germany, The Netherlands, and France

Negotiated Agreements (NAs) are arrangements between firms and regulators in which firms voluntarily agree to reduce their pollution. This article analyzes the institutional features that facilitate or hamper the implementation of NAs. We illustrate the analysis with case studies on the implementation of NAs in the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, and France. We find that NAs are implemented when regulators are able to commit credibly to the objectives of NAs. Institutional environments marked by fragmentation of power and open access in policymaking reduce regulatory credibility and thus hamper the implementation of NAs.