“会见不被监听”律师职业伦理的挑战及应对

我国新《刑事诉讼法》第37条中的“律师会见犯罪嫌疑人、被告人时不被监听”应当理解为“在辩护律师会见犯罪嫌疑人、被告人时,侦查、检察和审判机关不得通过任何电子设备获取或者派员在场旁听其谈话内容。”“会见不被监听”在赋予辩护律师与犯罪嫌疑人、被告人秘密自由交流权利的同时,对辩护律师的职业伦理提出了挑战。为保证辩护律师不滥用会见权,我国可以建立司法行政机关驻看守所监督律师会见制度。     

历史演绎正义:论有限责任制度之伦理进路

伦理融入法律促使法律制度蕴含人文气息而富有长盛不衰的生命力,有限责任制度是公司安身立命的前提性基础,有限责任的伦理决定了公司法的伦理内涵与人文精神.历史上的有限责任初显可能是出于经济需要,而有限责任旺盛的生命力则必然有其伦理性依归,有限责任制度化、规模化发展的本身体现着公众的伦理抉择.有限责任经历了从初期的个体间约定责任的民法选择到法律认可并予以制度化适用的商法选择,这个过程是伦理域内信任到信用的伦理过程,是契约自由和经济理性发挥能动性的过程,因此,有限责任的进化历程是人类衡平各方利益的伦理化进程.     

构建现代社会道德体系应以职业道德为基础

转型期的中国社会出现了"道德滑坡"现象。在以家庭美德为基础的传统社会道德体系逐渐解体的背景下,需要构建现代社会道德体系,需要顺应中国社会的转型推动道德转型。相较于传统社会道德体系以家庭美德为基础而言,现代社会道德体系的基础则是职业道德。职业道德是提升全民道德水平的支点,在这个过程中,政府及公职人员应从态度、行动和形象上转变角色,积极构建现代社会道德体系。     

论儒家伦理的宗教功能及其文化作用——兼与基督教文化比较

如果说,西方伦理是从属于基督教、是基督教派生的,上帝之死会导致伦理价值的崩溃;那么,儒家伦理则是由现实的血缘关系出发的一种准宗教文化建构.虽然“儒教”并非宗教而是一种伦理教化,然而,这种伦理教化却具有宗教的功能.它既能够慰藉个体的孤独情怀,又能以伦理架构的整体性超越死亡.儒家的伦理本位与基督教的上帝本位导致中西文化很多方面的不同,无论是将个体生命融入家国族类的整体、追求现世的自我还善,还是五四反传统的传统动因,都打上了儒家伦理的深刻印记.     

集体主义伦理观与权利

集体主义伦理观与个体主义伦理观相对,它是中国的一直占主导地位的伦理观,从古代到当代,不乏代表人物,当然西方也有少数代表人物。集体主义伦理观为权利观念的生成和权利制度的形成起到了负面的作用。倡导法治,我们必须充分认识集体主义伦理观的弱点,这样才能为权利的发展提供更为广阔的空间。     

试析和谐社会中的政府行政伦理建设——美国经验的启示

政府保持清正廉洁是构建和谐社会的重要因素。美国政府已经基本形成一个相对完整的政府行政伦理体系。而其体系的建构则经过了上百年的历程,是由他律转变为自律的过程。美国政府道德规范体系的构建经验对中国有一定的借鉴意义。     

Ethical,legal, social,and policy issues in the use of genomic technology by the U.S. Military

Advances in genomic science are attracting the interest of the U.S. military for their potential to improve medical care for members of the military and to aid in military recruitment, training, specialization, and mission accomplishment. While researchers have explored the ethical, legal, and social issues raised by the use of genomic science in a wide variety of contexts, there has been virtually no examination of these issues in connection with the use of genomics by the military. This article identifies potential uses of genomic science by the military, proposes an applicable ethical and legal framework, and applies the framework to provide ethical and legal guidance for military decision-makers.     

Towards an ethics safe harbor for global biomedical research

Although increasingly global, data-driven genomics and other ‘omics’-focused research hold great promise for health discoveries, current research ethics review systems around the world challenge potential improvements in human health from such research. To overcome this challenge, we propose a ‘Safe Harbor Framework for International Ethics Equivalency’ that facilitates the harmonization of ethics review of specific types of data-driven international research projects while respecting globally transposable research ethics norms and principles. The Safe Harbor would consist in part of an agency supporting an International Federation for Ethics Review (IFER), formed by a voluntary compact among countries, granting agencies, philanthropies, institutions, and healthcare, patient advocacy, and research organizations. IFER would be both a central ethics review body, and also a forum for review and follow-up of policies concerning ethics norms for international research projects. It would be built on five principle elements: (1) registration, (2) compliance review, (3) recognition, (4) monitoring and enforcement, and (5) public participation. The Safe Harbor would create many benefits for researchers, countries, and the general public, and may eventually have application beyond (gen)omics to other areas of biomedical research that increasingly engage in secondary use of data and present only negligible risks.     

法治思维视阈下科技伦理教育观完善探析——基于当下科技发展中学术道德失范行为现象的思考

学术瑕疵类、学术垄断类失范行为之所以普遍存在,与科技伦理教育观密切相关。当前,我国的科技伦理教育主要存在法治意识淡薄,忽视培养具有法治思维的科技伦理专业人才,以及缺乏法治化制度保障等问题。然而,法治思维作为社会治理的核心思维,具有将其引入科技伦理教育的必要性和可行性。为实现规制学术道德失范行为以净化科技伦理生态的道德理想,需要在科技伦理教育的过程中中融入法治思维并凸显法治作用,从而构筑起坚不可摧的法治屏障。所以,法治思维视域下科技伦理教育观的完善应从德法并重,严重的学术道德失范行为应以法律规制为主,且科技伦理教育中亟待重视法治思维的培育等方面着力;法治思维视域下,高等院校与科研机构对于科研人员科技伦理教育观的培育应从增设科技法和知识产权法课程,强化警示教育,且在对于学术道德失范行为的学术研究和立法规制等方面努力。