Mobilising evidence in public policy: The contribution of the evidence provider

This article contributes to the conceptualisation of evidence‐based policy through providing a framework of the key factors that influence research utilisation, including those that shape the quality of evidence provided. We apply this framework to an analysis of public policy to regulate the remuneration of freight truck drivers to improve workplace safety in their industry. Recent policymaking concerning the regulation of truck drivers’ remuneration in Australia provides an opportunity to examine the quality and utilisation of research evidence by external evidence providers in opposing political contexts. This article suggests the need for informed and vigilant scrutiny of the contributions of evidence providers to government policymaking, particularly in the case of wicked policy problems about which there are sustained ideological differences that underpin problematisation, research interpretation, and conceivable policy solutions.     

域外毒品鉴定错案成因分析与防范借鉴

近年来,域外毒品鉴定错案高发,深刻暴露出毒品鉴定管理的内源性问题,值得我国相关领域工作人员借鉴。本文首先概述了毒品鉴定的特点;其次,根据近年来美国、加拿大、英国等地出现的典型毒品鉴定错案,对相关成因做系统梳理,为提升毒品鉴定管理质量、降低毒品鉴定错案的负面影响提供参考依据。本文将鉴定错案分为"错误"和"失误"两大类,并提出了通过提升实验室内部管理、加强实验室外部监督以及落实鉴定意见的质证认证等环节,预防毒品鉴定错案的系统方法。对于防范毒物毒品错案的发生具有重要的参照意义。     

Near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to classify cosmetic foundations from a crime scene

Cosmetic smears are a form of trace evidence that can link the crime scene, suspects, and victims. Foundation and lipstick are the most common sources of cosmetics that can easily smear, with most current research focused on the evidential analysis of lipsticks. This research aims to create a database of cosmetic foundations on different materials and to access the robustness of using Near-infrared with chemometrics as a non-destructive technique to identify unknown samples collected from a crime scene. Small amounts of six shades of three brands of foundations were smeared on clothing materials, which were then analysed with a combination of Near-infrared with chemometric analysis. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce data dimensionality and explore potential patterns in sample separation and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was utilised to assign unknown samples to one of the established classes. The selected techniques proved to be promising for database construction and as a preliminary method of analysis, with 93% of the spectra being correctly classified. Notably, darker foundation shades were less likely to be correctly classified (90% classified correctly) compared to lighter ones (96.7% classified correctly). This could not be improved with Standard Normal Variate (SNV) data pre-treatment or selecting specific NIR regions. This finding is of particular importance; according to the Crime Survey for England and Wales (year ending March 2020) police recorded sexual offences demonstrated that those in Mixed and Black or Black British ethnic groups were significantly more likely to be a victim of sexual assault compared to White, Asian or Other ethnic groups. It is, therefore, crucial to add a wide range of foundation shades, particularly of darker tones, to the future database.     

物证鉴定证据应用层级论

用物证鉴定结论证明犯罪需要经过推理过程,将物证来源鉴定结论转化为嫌疑人行为推论,后者再作为法律事实证明嫌疑人是否有罪。物证鉴定证据应用的递进证明关系,可以用由依次推理关系连接的物证来源结论层、行为推论层和定罪层构成的物证鉴定层级模型描述。该模型可直观表达和评估物证鉴定结论证据应用效力。     

不同保存时间和不同精子数量精斑样本DNA分型比较

目的比较不同保存时间和不同精子数量精斑样本DNA分型的效果。方法制备精斑样本,保存10d的样本采用激光显微捕获30、20、15、10、5、1个精子,用于不同数量精子分型比较;保存10d、214d、375d的样本分别捕获30、20、10个精子,用于不同保存时间分型比较。比较各组检出率、等位基因丢失率和非特异性扩增率,采用χ2检验进行差异比较。结果①不同精子数量分型：捕获10个精子即可得到完整的DNA分型,且随着精子数增多,检出率逐渐提高而等位基因丢失率逐渐降低,30个精子等位基因丢失率为0%,1个精子则可达58.89%;②不同保存时间分型：总趋势是保存时间越短,捕获精子越多检出率越高,10个精子与20、30个精子组比较,均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;等位基因丢失率及非特异性扩增率则随保存时间的延长而增加,相同保存时间的不同精子数量组之间和相同的精子数量的不同保存时间组之间比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论激光显微捕获精子数目和检材保存时间对DNA分型结果有直接影响。     

论隐性采访所取得的采访资料的证据资格

新闻记者隐瞒自己的身份或意图 ,以“偷拍偷录”的手段进行隐性采访是否合法 ?以此种手段获得采访资料在法律上是否具有作为证据的资格 ?本文针对上述问题进行了详细的分析 ,指出了新闻记者“偷拍偷录”行为的非法性及以此种手段获得的采访资料是一种以非法手段私录的视听资料 ,但只要它与案件的事实具有关联性 ,就应当具有证据资格。     

论我国民事诉讼证据调查收集与秘密保护制度的设立

文章首先指出，在强化民事证据调查收集的同时，也必须保护被调查者的有关秘密资料和信息，二者之间应当协调；其次，文章剖析和批判了我国现行民事诉讼法有关证据调查收集和秘密保护制度中存在的问题；最后，文章就我国民事证据调查收集和秘密保护制度的设立和完善提出了具体的建议。     

广义证据论——构建和谐社会的法律基础

证据是法律的灵魂和核心所在,"法律是社会生活的行为规范"。传统的以诉讼证据法则为框架所建立起来的证据理论缺乏对实体证据法则的研究,因而不可能反映整个法律证据体系的全貌。现代证据体系应包括证据实体、证据法则和诉讼证据规则。实体证据的产生是基于法律行为的发生、变更及消灭,其广泛应用于非诉讼领域及诉讼领域,存在于社会生活的各个方面,其也是判案的重要依据。实体证据研究为更新法制观念,完善证据意识,构建和谐社会提供了坚实的法律基础。     

中国古代书证的演进及司法实践

自从中国上古时期发明文字以来,就出现了最早的书证形式。我国先秦以前的书证非常简略,大多书写在木简、竹简、金石器物和布帛之上,非常不便。随着造纸技术的发明和纸张的广泛使用,书证适用于各种民事、刑事和行政诉讼领域。纸张的普及推动了中国古代书证制度的发展,同时也带来了容易伪造的弊端。为了防止伪造和变造书证,历代法典都设有相关的法律条文,对伪造书证的行为给予严惩。针对书证容易伪造和变造的特点,采取了许多预防性措施,如让双方当事人、保人、见证人在各类书证上签字画押,在公、私文书上加盖印章,以保障书证的真实性。书证制度的出现,使中国古代的审判制度从西周以后迅速摆脱了夏商以来野蛮落后的神明裁判方式,向着更加文明化的方向发展。中国古代书证制度的发达,对于减少诉讼成本、降低原被告双方的举证难度也具有重要的作用。书证制度的发展也推动了中国古代法律制度层面的建设,有助于提高民众的法律意识。     

侦查谋略中欺骗的运用及界限——以审讯为切入点

侦查谋略带有静态和动态意义上的欺骗性质，使用不当将构成违法取证行为。其所获得的证据也可能因此遭到排除。而由于刑事案件的特殊性、侦查活动的对抗性。使得欺骗性侦查谋略在整个侦查活动中的运用成为一种必要。因此，对侦查谋略中欺骗手段合法与非法之间的界分十分必要。在侦查过程中，欺骗性侦查谋略的使用应该严格控制在合法范围内，以确保所获供述的真实性。