慢性肾衰竭正虚证候演变规律初探

目的 :探讨慢性肾衰竭不同分期的正虚证型演变规律。方法 :按照慢性肾衰竭正虚辨证分型标准制订调查表 ,对 339例住院病例进行证候调查 ,判定正虚类型。结果 :代偿期、失代偿期正虚诸证分布无统计学差异 (χ2 =0 .99,P >0 .0 5 ) ;四期诸证整体比较 (χ2 =10 7.16 ,P <0 .0 1) ,差别有高度统计学意义。结论 :慢性肾衰竭正虚诸证演变大致是脾肾气虚 (气阴两虚 )→脾肾阳虚→阴阳两虚。     

椎间盘突出症及其法医学鉴定

椎间盘突出症的原因复杂,损伤、遗传因素、肥胖、椎间盘自身的退行性变等均可成为椎间盘突出的病因。损伤可以直接导致椎间盘的慢性或急性破坏,引起椎间盘突出,也可以在原有椎间盘退变的基础上导致椎间盘突出。在法医学鉴定中,通过仔细分析被鉴定人的年龄和职业特点、受伤方式、伤后症状和体征,结合影像学检查结果等,可对其是否存在外伤性椎间盘突出作出准确的判断。疑为陈旧性椎间盘突出的,也可通过对病史的调查及影像学检查进一步加以甄别。     

Increasing Evidence-Based Programs in Criminal and Juvenile Justice: A Report from the Front Line

For the past 5 years in the United States, there has been an increased emphasis on evidence-based programs, and, in particular, the promotion of experimental designs as the highest standard of evidence. This interest has been fueled by the Federal government's demand for accountability that links budget allocation with program performance. The National Institute of Justice, the research, development and evaluation agency within the Office of Programs in the U.S. Department of Justice is undertaking a number of efforts to improve the quality of evaluation research and address the need for evidence-based programs. These efforts have focused on making improvements upfront in the grant selection process so that well-designed evaluations will be undertaken and in the management and monitoring of ongoing evaluation research grants so that implementation and design issues can be identified and addressed. Evaluability assessments is a key strategy that NIJ is relying on increasingly to identify programs that have a high likelihood of being successfully evaluated. Whether these efforts will lead to an overall increase in the rigor of NIJ-supported evaluations remains unanswered at this time. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of The National Academies or the National Institute of Justice.     

眶壁爆裂性骨折法医学鉴定相关问题探讨(附21例分析)

眶壁爆裂性骨折在眼损伤鉴定中占有相当的比重，有关其法医学鉴定相关的问题，在法医临床学方面少见分析报告。本文对21例眶部爆裂性骨折案例进行统计分析，对其致伤方式，眼部X光片与头颅CT及眶部CT片比较，眶壁骨折伴有眼球结构的损伤情况，眶壁骨折部位及复视情况，鼻眼相关损伤等问题分别进行了统计分析；进一步阐述了眶壁爆裂性骨折是一种人体保护机制的理由；提出了眶部爆裂性骨折早期易于漏诊、眶部X光片显示率低易造成眼损伤鉴定失误的临床特征，以及鼻眼相关损伤的问题。同时，提出了作者就此类损伤法医学鉴定的一些建议，以资法医同仁共同探讨。     

不同年龄组颅脑损伤CT扫描分析

本文对520例不同年龄组的颅脑损伤CT片进行了观察分析，表明青少年损伤原因以高坠多见，损伤类型以颅骨凹陷骨折及硬膜外血肿多见，老年组损伤原因以头部击伤多见，损伤类型以颅骨骨折、硬膜下血肿、脑多发性挫裂伤及脑多发性血肿多见，成年组介于两者之间。     

关于天津市地方禁毒立法的探索

二十世纪八十年代后,毒品在中国又开始死灰复燃。针对日益严重的毒品违法犯罪,国家制定了一系列法律法规,在禁毒斗争中发挥了巨大作用。但是,由于毒品问题的特殊性和我国国情,仅全国统一禁毒立法还不够,尚需地方立法的细化和补充。本文根据对天津毒品问题的分析和对其他省、市、自治区已有地方禁毒立法的研究比较,指出了制定天津地方禁毒立法的必要性,提出了天津禁毒条例的体系设想,力求为天津的禁毒立法提供某些启示和借鉴,推动我市地方禁毒立法进程。     

Gender-specific differences – first results from a survey on dental surgery

This study focuses on dental surgery from the perspective of practicing dentists through a nationwide survey among practicing dentists in Germany. Subjects were surveyed with respect to patient care and their training in dental surgery. With respect to surgical activity, this survey confirms male dominance in the field and that female dentists may be inclined grade surgical interventions as ‘complicated and risky’. Male dentists appear to be willing to take the same risks with greater self-confidence, whereas female dentists appear to overrate their personal uncertainty by underestimating their real technical capabilities. Though dental treatment in general is increasingly dominated by women, surgery is still dominated by male dentists. This can be viewed through observed gender differences with respect to risk perception and we advocate additional professional training of risk competence as mandatory for the future.     

眼部损伤程度鉴定意见一致性的影响因素分析

目的 分析眼部损伤程度重新鉴定意见不一致的原因,为此类鉴定提供借鉴.方法 选取法大法庭科学技术鉴定研究所2016～2019年受理的108例眼部损伤程度重新鉴定案例进行回顾性分析.结果 鉴定时机的选择、鉴定材料的利用、检验方法 的采用、损伤的论证、标准条款的理解等问题是重新鉴定与原鉴定意见不一致的常见原因.结论 针对上述...     

Scientific capacity building and the ontologies of herbal medicine in Ghana

Abstract

The Centre for Scientific Research into Plant Medicine, a large herbal medicine research center in Ghana, has received important research equipment and training through a transnational research collaboration involving the Japanese International Cooperation Agency. By situating this project in regional debates about traditional medicine research priorities and the ontologies of plant medicine, this article argues that the collaboration had the perceived effect of standardizing research practices oriented toward drug discovery rather than the rationalization of crude drug preparations. This shows that “capacity-building” components of research collaborations should not be taken as the transfer of neutral goods from one location to another. They are charged with the political potential to make crucial decisions about the objects of research in postcolonial Africa.     

The politics of HIV/AIDS in South Africa: government action and public response

A decade ago it seemed likely that African governments would be destabilised by the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This article tests some of the presumptions in such forecasting with an examination of the South African case. It begins with an assessment of the effects on the public health system of the South African government’s efforts to cope with the illness. Efforts to implement universal treatment of people who are HIV-positive appear to have strengthened government, while the costs have been affordable. The efforts have extended the embrace of the public health system and prompted the engagement of civil society in policy formation and implementation. Survey evidence suggests that the government has gained public approval and that its health service delivery has become more socially accountable. Civil protest to engender political reforms in the treatment of AIDS patients has enhanced the role of constitutional checks on executive authority.