我国工伤保险程序存在的问题及完善

工伤保险自诞生以来就具有强大的影响力,原因之一在于其程序简便易行。然而在我国,劳动者申请工伤保险待遇却要历经多重程序,耗时之长、过程之艰难已经成为工伤保险制度优越性发挥的障碍,为此,应以法律人本主义理念改革我国的工伤保险程序。     

大型灾难事件中的DNA鉴定工作

大型灾难事件通常是由各种无法预料的因素引发,并可造成大量人员的伤亡和失踪。法医学DNA实验室首要的任务就是对这些遇难者进行身份的认定。本文通过回顾大型灾难事件以及相关研究,提出大型灾难事件中DNA鉴定的程序,包括样品的准备、收集、贮存、DNA的提取、DNA的分型、相关数据的分析和结果的解释等,并对DNA鉴定中的经验和问题进行了讨论。     

汶川地震相关的若干刑事问题研究

"5.12"汶川地震发生后,出现了很多疑难刑事法律问题,如建筑物毁损责任追究问题、趁灾造谣、非法经营、灾民哄抢救灾物资等行为的定性问题等,对于这些问题,应当区分不同情形,作出相应处理。     

刑事案件DNA检验采样与鉴定立法现状

人类DNA遗传特征多态性使DNA技术成为各国警方侦办案件的重要技术手段,但DNA检验鉴定采样合法性和结论可采性须由立法规定。众多国家和地区针对DNA采样和鉴定结论应用制定了相关法律法规。我国相关法律细则尚处空白,因此,应尽快制定我国DNA鉴定采样与应用法规,规范DNA鉴定样本采集与证据采信。     

利用激光、光敏印章机伪造印章印文的鉴定

利用激光刻章机雕刻、光敏印章机制印伪造印章印文是近年来出现的一种新的、仿真程度较高的伪造印章印文的方法。鉴定实践表明,这类伪造印章印文趋于专业化、技术化,且伪造的印章印文与真实印章印文的相似度较高。依据传统的鉴定依据和方法难以鉴别真伪,因此从该类伪造方法对其特点和鉴定依据、方法要点进行研究,尤其是对伪造形成方式及特点的研究,有助于科学的鉴定其真伪。     

Identification and analyses of female civilian victims of the 1991 war in Croatia from the Glina and Petrinja areas

Introduction

The process of recovering and identifying human remains from individual and mass graves has proven to be the most effective method of resolving the fate of missing individuals in the former Yugoslavia. These efforts have two primary objectives: medicolegal—to identify the cause of death, and humanitarian—to bring closure to living family members, thus supporting the human rights of both the living and the deceased. From 1996 to the present, the remains of 388 individuals killed during the 1991 War in Croatia were recovered from the Glina and Petrinja areas (Sisa?ko–Moslova?ka County). The purpose of this paper is to report on the demographic and taphonomic characteristics of the recovered remains, and identify factors responsible for the discrepancy in the identification ratios.

Methods

To identify factors potentially responsible for the noted discrepancy, data were collected on the taphonomic characteristics of the recovered remains, the types of burials, as well as the factors responsible for positive identification. These factors included: forensic DNA testing, dental criteria, special signs (healed fractures, etc.), clothing and personal artifacts.

Results

The age distributions between males and females in the sample are significantly different. The mean age-at-death for males is 51.6 years, for females 67.0 years. In both sexes the majority of identifications (62.9% in females and 45.9% in males) were established through a combination of biological and non-biological features. In terms of the types of graves from which the bodies were recovered, positive identification in both sexes was lowest in mass graves (61.2% for males, and 84.2% for females). Females from mass graves were, however, better preserved than males—36.6% of males recovered from mass graves were completely skeletonized, while the same was true for only 19.3% of females (χ² = 7.06, P < 0.029). Completely skeletonized remains were identified in only 65.1% of cases, while partially skeletonized and saponified bodies were identified in 80.1% of cases.

Conclusion

Since positive identification in both sexes is strongly correlated with preservation of the bodies, the reason why female identification frequencies in the Glina and Petrinja regions are higher than male frequencies lies in the fact that females recovered from mass graves were better preserved than males recovered from mass graves. Identification of the factors responsible for this is a challenge that needs to be resolved in future studies.     

ABO genotyping by duplex amplification and oligonucleotide arrays assay

Objective

Research on the application feasibility of ABO genotyping for forensic identification by oligonucleotide arrays assay.

Methods

Oligonucleotide microarrays which detect three different SNPs in exon 6 and exon 7 for ABO genotyping were used. After hybridization wash, the arrays were scanned and fluorescence intensities were analyzed using microarray population studies on ABO was carried out in a sample of 115 unrelated Chinese Han individuals oligonucleotide arrays for genotype detection. The method was also applied to cases.

Results

Technique could identify six genotypes of ABO system and the results of GeneChip analyses confirmed by PCR–RFLP. According to the results of population studies, no significant deviations Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium could be found. The observed heterozygosity (H-obs) was 0.591. Expected heterozygosity (H-exp) was 0.616. The polymorphic information content (PIC) was the average exclusion probability in paternity testing for duos (PE (1)) was 0.188. The average exclusion probability in paternity testing for trios (PE(2)) was 0.344. The discrimination power 0.777.

Conclusion

The data and case application demonstrated that ABO typing by oligonucleotide probe arrays was a useful technique for paternity testing and individual identification.     

Extraction of high quality DNA from biological materials and calcified tissues

Calcified tissues, such as bone and tooth, and some other sample types, such as those containing adhesive, present a challenge to standard extraction protocols. We have developed a lysis reagent, BTA™ lysis buffer, which is designed for use with PrepFiler™ Kit reagents. The BTA™ lysis buffer disrupts calcified tissue matrices and achieves effective extraction of DNA from pulverized bone and tooth samples. In addition, the BTA™ lysis buffer mildly but efficiently extracts DNA from challenging substrates like tape, chewing gum, and cigarette butts and, as with bone and tooth, DNA from these lysates is purified using established PrepFiler™ reagent extraction protocols.We successfully extracted DNA from powdered human bone samples, chewed gum and smoked cigarettes using BTA™ lysis buffer. Extraction yields for bone, gum and cigarette samples tested were consistent and reproducible. This extraction method efficiently removed potential PCR inhibitors from all samples tested, and C_T values for the internal PCR control of Quantifiler^® Human DNA Quantification Kit were consistent and within the normal range. The DNA extracted from these samples also provided conclusive profiles that were free of PCR artifacts when amplified using the AmpF?STR^® Identifiler^® PCR Amplification Kit. The protocol is easily adapted for automation.     

Case report of a homicide resolved 15 years later: The robustness of Chelex extraction

DNA typing techniques is one of the most advanced tools for human identification. During the last 10 years, a great number of methods for DNA extraction and analysis have been introduced to forensic genetic, with considerable success but also with considerable controversy. The success and validation of a criminal investigation are very closely related to the process used for obtaining and preserving biological evidence.We report the strategy that we employed to analyze evidences belonging to a homicide happened in Brescia (Italy) in 1992, not resolved at that time, with the forensic genetic analysis. After 16 years the analysis were conducted on DNA samples extracted with Chelex maintained at −80 °C, bloodstain, and biological specimens of perpetrators. Standard autosomal and Y-chromosome STR analysis identified the persons involved and victim's profiles. This case is of interest as a demonstration of a more successful application of DNA typing in well conserved DNA samples than in bloodstains kept in the Court Office.     

甘肃省司法鉴定现状及问题研究

甘肃省司法鉴定工作改革发展的势头良好,但存在的问题依然严重。当前甘肃省司法鉴定工作主要存在三个方面的不适应:鉴定能力与人民群众、司法机关日益增长的诉讼需要不相适应;管理能力与管理工作面临的新形势、新要求不相适应;外部执业环境与司法鉴定行业健康顺利发展的要求不相适应。