吸毒成瘾认定标准的基本架构——兼评《吸毒成瘾认定办法》

吸毒成瘾的标准,国际医学界持病态说的观点,但在中国适用的标准有着不凡的历程。公复[1998]3号文对吸毒成瘾采用行为说标准,规定只要有证据证明有吸毒行为就可认定为吸毒成瘾。随着采取各种措施帮助吸毒人员戒除毒瘾,教育和挽救吸毒人员的戒毒方针在《禁毒法》中的确立,《吸毒成瘾认定办法》也从医学角度对吸毒成瘾进行了重新审视,采纳了吸毒成瘾病态说的观点。     

Who do you believe? Assessing student and community member perceptions of bystander and victim witnesses

ABSTRACT

Eyewitness identifications provide critical evidence as they are often persuasive to jurors, but documented misidentifications have led to wrongful convictions . Researchers have examined how jurors evaluate multiple eyewitnesses, but not different types of eyewitnesses, such as bystanders and victims. Additionally, none of this research has examined jurors’ ability to evaluate bystander and victim identifications that vary in quality. Two studies examined student and community members’ perceptions of bystander and victim witnesses. Study 1 participants read about a good or poor-quality identification made by a bystander or victim. Study 2 participants read about both bystander and victim identifications that varied in quality. Both studies found jurors were sensitive to identification quality as demonstrated by a variety of legal decisions, including verdict, though the quality of a second identification in Study 2 did not change any legal decisions. Multiple differences between student and community member samples emerged across both studies suggesting that community members are more likely to trust witnesses and convict. Reliance on student samples may overestimate jurors’ ability to evaluate multiple eyewitnesses and underestimate the likelihood of conviction based on flawed eyewitness evidence.     

新《民事证据规定》对法官权责的制度改造--基于司法鉴定的视角

2019年最高人民法院颁布的《民事证据规定》,是在2017年民事诉讼法、2015年最高人民法院关于民事诉讼法司法解释的基础上,结合司法实践经验,对民事司法鉴定制度进行了较大幅度的改进。由于法官依然主导、甚至控制司法鉴定进程,因此修订后的《民事证据规定》对法官涉及司法鉴定的权力与责任进行了制度改造,主要表现在强化了法官对鉴定程序的实质参与性以及对鉴定人的有效管理与监督。总体来看,在民事司法鉴定制度的历史改革脉络中,《民事证据规定》一定程度上矫正了民事司法过去一贯弱化法官权力与责任的制度改革路径。不过,《民事证据规定》对当事人权利与责任的强化,仍有可能变相弱化法官应当承担的职责;同时《民事证据规定》对鉴定人虚假鉴定、鉴定超期、撤销鉴定意见等诸方面简单、刚性且无救济的单向度制裁模式,极可能被鉴定人视为法院或法官基于自身立场的本位主义立法,并进而驱使鉴定人采取"责任规避型"的反制策略。     

犬源枯草芽胞杆菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

从犬用微生态制剂研制角度出发,采集健康幼犬粪样进行热处理,使用营养琼脂培养基分离出革兰阳性,类似芽胞杆菌菌株1株。之后,从形态学、生理生化特性及分子生物学分析进行菌种鉴定,最后确定为枯草芽胞杆菌,编号为YW1。通过耐酸、抑菌及药敏试验证实菌株YW1具有较好的耐酸特性及较高的抑菌能力与安全性,说明枯草芽胞杆菌YW1具有临床开发的潜能。本研究为后续进一步研究其在犬微生态制剂中的应用奠定了基础,也为开发具有抑菌活性的菌株提供了参考。     

法医临床学与新冠疾病有关的鉴定问题及思考

2020年1月爆发新型冠状病毒,由疫情引发的各种问题引起社会各界高度重视,疫情过后,相关法律争议会有出现。本文针对疫情可能带来的法医临床鉴定相关问题予以思考,给出了法医临床学鉴定流程管理以及鉴定机构法律风险防控的基本思路。关于人身损害赔偿及工伤补偿中的伤残评定问题,作者具体梳理了7个可能相关的鉴定标准,并指出,肺功能障碍的条款是我们需要重点关注的内容。面对因疫情爆发而引发的医疗损害鉴定问题,作者认为,针对特殊时期的医患纠纷,鉴定人在评价医方的专家注意义务时,应充分考量各种影响因素,提倡对医疗行为相对宽松的处理原则,宜适用合理医师标准(即Bolam标准),来体现对医疗行业的尊重。本文针对新冠疾病疫情可能带来的法医学鉴定问题给予了建议和解决路径,旨在为疫情过后鉴定工作提供新思路。     

人工智能时代生物识别信息刑法保护的国际视野与中国立场——从“人脸识别技术”应用下滥用信息问题切入

人脸识别技术作为人工智能学科中发展最为迅捷的一个分支,被广泛地被运用于社会生活的各个领域,生物识别信息因其所具备的专属性和唯一性的特征在大量身份核验的场景被采集,在审慎借鉴欧美先进立法经验和对我国实践困境的反思基础上,我国应当构建完善生物识别信息刑法保护制度,优化生物识别技术的刑事规制界限,完善生物识别信息层次特殊保护体系,将滥用生物识别信息行为入罪,实现生物识别信息合理开发利用与公民个人有序生活不受侵扰的基本价值诉求之平衡。     

Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic fungi: a DNA-based approach

Hallucinogenic fungi synthesize two controlled substances, psilocin and psilocybin. Possession of the fungal species that contain these compounds is a criminal offence in North America. Some related species that are morphologically similar, do not contain the controlled substances. Therefore, unambiguous identification of fungi to the species level is critical in determining if a mushroom is illegal. We investigate a phylogenetic approach for the identification of species that contain the psychoactive compounds. We analyzed 35 North American specimens representing seven different genera of hallucinogenic and non-hallucinogenic mushrooms. We amplified and sequenced the internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA (ITS-1) and a 5′ portion of the nuclear large ribosomal subunit of rRNA (nLSU rRNA or 28S). ITS-1 locus sequence data was highly variable and produced a phylogenetic resolution that was not consistent with morphological identifications. In contrast, the nLSU rRNA data clustered isolates from the same species and separated hallucinogen containing and non-hallucinogen containing isolates into distinct clades. With this information, we propose an approach that combines the specificity of PCR detection and the resolving power of phylogenetic analysis to efficiently and unambiguously identify hallucinogenic fungal specimens for legal purposes.     

Phosphoglucomutase isoenzymes in human teeth

Powdered dentine samples were prepared from fresh teeth and teeth allowed to putrefy for up to 90 days. In some samples dentine only was included, whereas in others dentine plus pulp remnants were used. Extracts of the powders were tested for phosphoglucomutase activity by starch gel electrophoresis and PGM typing was carried out. Fresh teeth showed activity in at least 50% of cases as did putrefied dentine plus pulp remnants. Putrefied dentine alone showed minimal activity. The method may be useful for identification procedures using fragments of teeth.     

试论电子政务一卡通

随着人类社会的信息化 ,身份识别和网络安全日渐重要。公务员作为执行国家公务的特殊群体 ,对其身份的识别有更高的要求。从网络安全、电子签名、后勤管理等方面介绍了IC卡用于公务员电子政务活动的解决方案及技术     

黑龙江省鸭肝炎病毒HD-Ⅰ株的分离与鉴定

从黑龙江省某鸭场疑似鸭病毒性肝炎 (DVH )的发病雏鸭肝等组织中分离到 1株病毒HD Ⅰ株。经病理学检查、电镜观察、鸭胚中和试验、雏鸭保护试验、动物回归试验等鉴定为血清Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒 (DHV)。证实引起该鸭场雏鸭发病和死亡的主要原因为DVH所致。用DHV标准R85 95 2毒株多次强化免疫健康鸡 ,获得高效价的鸡抗鸭肝炎超免疫抗体。