The Application of the Central Limit Theorem and the Law of Large Numbers to Facial Soft Tissue Depths: T‐Table Robustness and Trends since 2008,

By pooling independent study means (), the T‐Tables use the central limit theorem and law of large numbers to average out study‐specific sampling bias and instrument errors and, in turn, triangulate upon human population means (μ). Since their first publication in 2008, new data from >2660 adults have been collected (c.30% of the original sample) making a review of the T‐Table's robustness timely. Updated grand means show that the new data have negligible impact on the previously published statistics: maximum change = 1.7 mm at gonion; and ≤1 mm at 93% of all landmarks measured. This confirms the utility of the 2008 T‐Table as a proxy to soft tissue depth population means and, together with updated sample sizes (8851 individuals at pogonion), earmarks the 2013 T‐Table as the premier mean facial soft tissue depth standard for craniofacial identification casework. The utility of the T‐Table, in comparison with shorths and 75‐shormaxes, is also discussed.     

Living in the World of Online Shopping

正In a span of less than three months, I’ve amassed a fairly impressive portfolio of things I’ve purchased online. Going from a complete newb on the Chinese Internet to an online shopping maven, I’ve bought things ranging from clothes, cellphone cases, wine, ribbons, a humidifier, stickers, coffee filters, pans,butter, sugar, facial wash, film, an air purifier…the list goes on.     

Sampling and statistical considerations for the Suchey–Brooks method for pubic bone age estimation: Implications for regional comparisons

Although the Suchey–Brooks (SB) system is currently the most widely used method for age-at-death estimation from the pubic bone, the system continues to evolve through stepwise improvements. Since the system was developed from a pubic bone sample derived mainly from North Americans, it is unclear how well it performs on populations from other continents. During the last decade, studies of the SB system on pubic bone samples from local populations in Europe and Asia have indicated regional differences in the relationship between age and pubic bone development. However, these studies have for the most part followed different research protocols, which make comparisons between their results less meaningful. It would be most useful if future regional analysis of the SB system were done in a rigorous and uniform fashion, following standard procedures. In this paper, sampling and statistical considerations are outlined that hopefully will help to standardize research on the SB system.     

In vivo facial tissue depth study of Chinese-American adults in New York City

This study examines facial tissue depth in adult Chinese-Americans. Using ultrasound, measurements were taken at 19 landmarks across the faces of 101 individuals aged from 18 to 87 years. Summary statistics are reported for a sample of 67 individuals of normal weight (as determined by a body mass index [BMI] of 19-25). Statistical analyses were used to assess relationships between tissue thickness, age, and BMI. Results indicate that no significant relationship exists between tissue thickness and age for males, and for only 3/19 points in females. Also, only four points showed significant relationships between tissue thickness and sex. However, significant relationships exist between BMI and tissue thickness at multiple points for both males and females. Compared to other American and Asian populations in the literature, Chinese-Americans generally had thinner facial tissue; though, this difference was not assessed statistically. Finally, data generated in this study will add to the body of knowledge concerning facial tissue depth variation in modern humans.     

人体面部形态特征的研究进展

而部形态特征研究在很多学科中都具有重要作用,例如雕塑学、考^学、医学美容、法医学颅骨面貌复原等。随着计算机技术的快速发展,使得面貌复原技术也大大提高,同时,对五官形态特衙的要求也相应提高。现就国内外在人体而部形态特征相关研究作一概述。     

On Gerasimov's plastic facial reconstruction technique: new insights to facilitate repeatability

Gerasimov's plastic facial reconstruction method is notoriously difficult to repeat from the published literature. Primarily, this is because of the method's underlying qualitative basis but other factors contribute including: misreports in the secondary literature of Gerasimov's method essence; a lack of published details concerning Gerasimov's modeling mastic; Gerasimov's deviation from his own published nose projection prediction guidelines; and continued refinement of the methods in the 15 years following their foremost publication. As Gerasimov cannot be consulted to resolve these issues, we provide solutions via one of his five former principal students. This includes clarification of Gerasimov's method and use of soft tissue depths; the constitution of his modeling mastic; methods used for nose projection prediction; and refinements made to his methods following their primary publication.     

健胃冲剂治疗大鼠反流性食管炎的机制研究

目的 探究健胃冲剂治疗大鼠反流性食管炎的机制。方法 复制反流性食管炎大鼠模型，将术后恢复较好的大鼠随机分为模型组，阳性对照组（雷贝拉唑钠肠溶片），健胃冲剂高、中、低剂量组，另设正常对照组，每组10只大鼠。各组末次给药24 h后，立即自胃食管交界上0.5 cm处向咽喉部截取长约1.5 cm的食管组织，测定其pH值，并观察各组大鼠食管黏膜病理形态变化。结果 与正常组比较，模型组大鼠食管下段黏膜pH值显著降低（P<0.01），食管下段大体标本肉眼病理评分显著升高（P<0.01），显微镜下病理评分（反向评分）显著降低（P<0.01）。与模型组比较，阳性对照组，健胃冲剂高、中、低剂量组pH值显著升高（P<0.05），大体标本肉眼病理评分显著降低（P<0.01），显微镜下病理评分显著升高（P<0.05，或P<0.01）。健胃冲剂高剂量组在升高pH值和食管黏膜显微镜下病理评分方面优于阳性对照组（P<0.05）。光镜下正常组大鼠食管黏膜组织结构正常；模型组大鼠黏膜上皮细胞层内出现较多炎性细胞浸润，鳞状上皮增生，严重者出现黏膜糜烂；健胃冲剂高、中、低剂量组较模型组均明显改善；雷贝拉唑组改变与健胃冲剂低剂量组基本相同。结论 健胃冲剂能改善反流性食管炎大鼠的组织病理形态，其作用机制与降低模型大鼠食管下段黏膜的酸度有关。