Indian Copyright Act and new communication technologies: A special focus on webcasting

The main aim of this paper is to consider whether the Indian Copyright Act 1957 (ICA) gives protection to future technologies. It follows an earlier paper on Webcaster's protection under copyright published in [2011] 27 CLSR 479–496. By way of asking that question it is sensible to examine whether webcasting/streaming is protected by ICA or not. In order to enquire the same, we need to study the penetration of streaming/webcasting technology into the Indian market and its application. Since the technology is linked with the Internet, it is also essential to examine its penetration and the availability of bandwidth and the potential market for such communications. All these aspects are studied in the first part of this paper. In the second part a brief outline is offered of the relevant provisions of the Act. At issue is whether they give protection to the future technologies or not. This will be considered in part three. The same will be examined with the proposed amendment to the Act too. The paper concludes that the Act fails to give protection to future technologies and therefore that streaming/webcasting is not protected in India under the copyright regime.     

居民消费需求不足型经济结构失衡及其治理

经济结构失衡是制约我国国民经济持续增长的深层次原因,而经济结构失衡的重要原因在于消费需求不足。由居民消费不足导致的我国经济结构失衡有三大类型,一是经济增长动力结构即投资、消费、出口失衡,居民消费需求不足是主要矛盾;二是社会再生产结构失衡即生产、交换、分配、消费失衡,主要矛盾也是居民消费需求不足;三是内外需结构失衡,内需不足是主要矛盾,扩大内需主要是扩大居民消费需求。治理经济结构失衡的根本措施就是要提高居民收入,扩大居民消费需求。     

An Exploration of Sample Representativeness in Anthropometric Facial Comparison*

Abstract: Faces are assumed to be unique, but their use in court has remained problematic as no method of comparison with known error rates has been accepted by the scientific community. Rather than relying on the assumed uniqueness of facial features, previous research has been directed at estimations of face shape frequency. Here, the influence of age, sex, and ancestry on variation was investigated. Statistical shape analysis was used to examine the necessity for sub‐divisions in forensic comparisons, using a large sample of facial images on which 30 anthropometric landmark points had been placed in 3D. Results showed a clear pattern of separation of the sexes in all age groups, and in different age groups in men. It was concluded that sub‐division of databases by sex will be necessary in forensic comparisons. Sub‐division by age may be necessary in men (although not necessarily in women), and may be necessary by ancestry.     

面对疼痛的自己:女性文学视域下的女性与生育

作为生育主体,女性对生育疼痛的认知,代表着她对自我与外在的理解和处理。当女性介入历史文本的书写,这种独特深刻的性别体验必然成为她们思考和表达的基点。女性文本在孕育这一偶然个体生活事件中对性别角色的体验式叙事,让我们看到女性从无意识的生育工具到主动的生命创造主体的巨大变化;生育体验与女性主体意识、生命意识觉醒之间的互动关系。女性只有获得精神的解放,在人格心理上真正独立,才能以人的立场而不是女人的立场穿越疼痛之门,成为健全的人的母亲。     

Forensic Facial Approximation: Study of the Nose in Brazilian Subjects

Forensic facial approximation is an auxiliary method for human identification and allows facial recognition. The midface, that includes the nose, is vital for the recognition of a familiar face. The purpose of this study was to set hard tissue parameters to estimate nasal width, to test the method to estimate nasal width of Brazilians, and to analyze the relationship between nasal profile and facial type. A total of 246 computed tomography scans (183 females and 63 males) of adults were analyzed in Horos. Bone tissue measurements and facial type classification were performed on the skull scan. Nasal profile morphology was accessed through the tool 3D surface rendering. There was a difference around 3 mm from real to predicted nose through the method to estimate nasal width in Brazilians. So, the method may be used in forensic practice. Straight nose was associated with long face type.     

STAYIN' ALIVE

This article analyzes the rapidly changing face of postmortem reproductive technology and its impact on the family. Postmortem reproduction is being used more frequently, and its implications for the resulting children's inheritance has sparked worldwide debate. This article provides support for posthumously conceived children's ability to inherit from their deceased parent when certain criteria have been met.     

Mix-Ups, Mistake and Moral Judgement: Recent Developments in U.K. Law on Assisted Conception

Hard cases make bad law. In a matter of months, two such cases involving assisted reproduction have appeared before the U.K. High Court and legislation has been enacted. The common threads between them are consent and fatherhood. The first case concerns a ‘mistake’ resulting in sperm from the wrong man being used to create an embryo for a couple and the second the revocation of consent by a man to his former partner being allowed to use an embryo they created together. Furthermore, Parliament has intervened, passing legislation which sets out when sperm from a dead man may be used by his former partner to generate an embryo. This note argues that the three developments cannot be reconciled with one another and that the cases in particular, decided on a narrow legal basis, convey contradictory messages, leading in at least one instance to a gross injustice.     

妇女与社会政策--论妇女地位在北欧国家的变迁

从性别角度研究福利国家,为研究者提供了一个把握妇女和国家社会政策之间复杂联系的方法。这一维度的研究被北欧女权主义学者所发展,它强调妇女对发展福利国家的巨大贡献。然而本研究将考察妇女与国家联系的另一个方面:即国家的社会政策是如何影响妇女在社会中的地位的。为了说明这个问题,本研究将讨论妇女作为家庭主妇、母亲、配偶和公民的角色,揭示北欧国家社会再生产体系的转型,考察北欧国家的社会政策发展及其如何将妇女从家庭中解放出来使她们成为社会公民。由此,本研究为思考在中国实现男女平等的现实道路提供了可借鉴的经验。