Strengthening family planning stewardship with a total market approach: Mali,Uganda, and Kenya experiences

To improve overall market sustainability, governments and their donors are ramping up efforts to strengthen stewardship in developing country health markets. Key stewardship functions include generating intelligence that enable policymakers, ministerial leaders, and program managers to develop evidence‐based policies and strategies to improve the resource management, supply, and use of health products and services. The total market approach (TMA), an analytic and policy framework, generates market intelligence and improves evidence‐based decision‐making, and also strengthens other stewardship functions, such as building and sustaining partnerships, strengthening tools for implementation, aligning government policy with market interventions, and ensuring accountability/transparency. TMA evolved in response to the phase out of donor support for reproductive health (RH) and family planning (FP) programs and the need to improve coordination among public, private, nongovernmental organizations, and civil society to achieve greater equity, health impact, and market sustainability. To assess TMA's role in strengthening the stewardship of RH/FP markets, this article reviews three countries that applied TMA principles: Mali, Uganda, and Kenya. It identifies how TMA processes influenced stewardship functions and assesses to what degree these processes have contributed to concrete actions to improve market efficiency and sustainability.     

Lingua franca fever: sceptical remarks

The policy push in favour of fostering a global lingua franca has shed overtly imperialistic underpinnings and been recast, but many of the same objections can be levelled at new attempts to justify an old policy. Efforts to explain the impetus towards linguistic uniformity through rational choice theory obscure the power dynamics behind choice of language in multilingual contexts. Invoking democratic engagement as a benefit of uniformity overestimates the role of linguistic diversity as a drag on participation and ignores more important forces. A focus on equality of opportunity and social mobility through lingua franca competence as justification for the policy reveals a shallow conception of equality and underplays the long-term consequences for non-lingua franca communities were equality of opportunity for individuals to be taken seriously. Finally, seeing the justice issues that arise out of competition between languages as one of ensuring adequate compensation to the losers underscores how thin is the conception of equality animating the approach; it purchases an inadequate level of equal opportunity for individuals at the expense of inequality amongst language communities.     

Recognition as if sovereigns? A procedural understanding of indigenous self-determination

In the last two decades we have witnessed a growing global acknowledgement of indigenous rights – manifested in the 2007 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples – challenging the traditional nation-state-centred understanding of political rights and democracy. In this paper, the author argues that indigenous self-determination is to be understood as a way to level the balance of power between indigenous peoples and the nation-states in which they live. Without a solid legal foundation for indigenous peoples to define self-determination in their own languages and to negotiate the conditions of their relation with the nation-states on their own terms, the colonial past (and present) of violent conquest and domination might continue. Indigenous peoples' right to self-determination ought in this perspective to imply recognition of indigenous peoples as having a standing equal to nation-states, i.e. as if they were sovereigns. What self-determination means in political practice would thus be the outcome of negotiations between two (or more) equal political entities. In this way, the right to self-determination has to be interpreted procedurally rather than substantially.     

论土耳其的司法演进对于法律信仰研究的启示

土耳其是法制现代化比较成功的非西方国家,其成功的要素之一便是它妥善地处理了世俗法律和宗教信仰之间的问题。土耳其没有实现全民族对法律的信仰,但这并未妨碍法治文明和民主政治在其国土上的有效确立。这对当前我国法学界将"法律必须被信仰"作为普适性的结论,将建立法律信仰视为实现法治的必备要素的观点无疑是一大冲击。以土耳其为例证,对"法律信仰"命题的提出了质疑。希望通过中西文明以外的伊斯兰文明秩序中的成功经验能够给予我国当前的法律信仰问题的研究,特别是面对重大刑事案件时社会的法律信仰问题,带来一些多元的视角和不同的启示。     

Under construction: Brain formation, culpability, and the criminal justice system

Should adolescents be held as culpable for their behavior as adults? Adolescence is a tumultuous time, full of change and transformation. This paper examines the development of brain functions and cognitive capabilities of teenagers. It explores the effect of alcohol use on brain development and the fundamental cognitive differences between adolescents and adults. This knowledge, coupled with the assessment of developmental perspective, suggests that the adultification of youth (or waiver to adult court) is unduly harsh for youth whose brains have not fully formed.     

审判管理：功效、局限及界限把握

审判管理是对审判活动的组织、协调和监督。当前加强审判管理的特点,包括审判管理组织与管理措施的强化,管理的严格性与精细化程度的提高,信息平台的构建与技术手段的充分利用,管理活动中行政元素的强化以及对审判的渗入。这种状况既有国家管理的宏观背景支持,又有法院自身的原因。其现实意义是有利于保障审判的公正、效率、廉洁和司法统一性。但也有不符审判规律及不规范的问题,还可能扭曲审判行为。应当从“法院逻辑”即“裁判逻辑”中寻求司法建设的常识,重视审判资源配置,强化基础意识防止轻重倒置,同时继续按照司法规律推动法院改革;注意审判管理重在审判权外部展开,实现“以外促内”;限制和规范审判管理权干预案件的实体处理;正确把握评查与考绩的方法与限度。     

论吸食新型毒品的管制

近年来,我国新型毒品有取代传统毒品的趋势。政府对吸食新型毒品的管制可分为出现法律真空、以地方管制为主、调整和统一戒毒模式三个阶段,具有受管制的新型毒品种类不断扩大、吸食新型毒品的管制日趋严厉、寻求司法与社会、医疗体系间的紧密合作三个特点。当前吸食新型毒品管制存在的问题是：强制隔离戒毒放大了惩处威慑功能、社区戒毒与社区康复管理措施不配套、自愿戒毒增加了复吸重罚的可能性。应转变理念,坚持人文关怀精神;明确社区戒毒定位,制定配套措施;鼓励自愿戒毒,减少管制成本。     

Australia's Children ‘Safe and Well’?1 Collaborating with Purpose Across Commonwealth Family Relationship and State Child Protection Systems

So ubiquitous is reference to collaboration in policy documents that it is in danger of being ignored altogether by service deliverers who are not clear about its rationale, how it is built, or its real value. This is evident in the child and family services context where for example the National Framework for Protecting Australia's Children calls for collaboration and a ‘shared responsibility’ across the state, Commonwealth and the non‐government sectors to keep children safe and well. This article describes a project undertaken to analyse and ultimately increase levels of collaboration between state and Commonwealth government family service providers. The research reinforced an important message that levels of collaboration should align with the vulnerability of children and their families: the greater the level of risks to children, the greater the level of collaboration needed within and between systems to keep children safe.     

努力探索农村养老新模式——以山西省汾西县加楼村为例

山西省汾西县加楼村老年人养老基本上采取的是以家庭养老为主、其他养老方式为辅这样一种农村养老格局,总体上是好的,但仍存在一些问题。为了解决老年人养老问题,加楼村采取了发展村经济增加村民收入、联系县劳动人事部门对农民进行职业技能培训等措施。这些都为我国农村养老工作新模式的确立提供了启示：要通过宣传教育,巩固家庭养老;要建立农村服务社区,发展有偿家政服务;要推进农村社会养老保险工作;要大力兴办老年活动场所;要努力建立农村医疗保障体系。     

女性领导者融合家庭内外的跨文化比较

本文基于张妙清与贺戴安访谈的62位中(包括香港地区)美职场中的女性领导者的资料,就女性领导者如何融合家庭内外进行跨文化的比较研究,发现中国内地、香港和美国的女性领导者在管理时间的方式、对自己家庭角色的描述以及影响她们感知工作-家庭冲突的因素等方面存在差异。同时,本文还探讨了人们在性别文化差异上的刻板印象。