Spatial and temporal influences on bacterial profiling of forensic soil samples

Bacterial content may be helpful in differentiating forensic soil samples; however, the effectiveness of bacterial profiling depends on several factors, including uniqueness among different habitat types, the level of heterogeneity within a habitat, and changes in bacterial communities over time. To examine these, soils from five diverse habitats were tested over a 1 year period using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis. Soil samples were collected at central locations monthly, and 10 feet in cardinal directions quarterly. Similarity indices were found to be least related among habitats, while the greatest bacterial similarities existed among collection locations within a habitat. Temporally, however, bacterial content varied considerably, and there was substantial overlap in similarity indices among habitats during different parts of the year. Taken together, the results indicate that while bacterial DNA profiling may be useful for forensic soil analysis, certain variables, particularly time, must be considered.     

Meta-analytically quantifying the reliability and biasability of forensic experts

Abstract:  In this paper we employ meta-analytic procedures and estimate effect sizes indexing the degree of reliability and biasability of forensic experts. The data are based on within-expert comparisons, whereby the same expert unknowingly makes judgments on the same data at different times. This allows us to take robust measurements and conduct analyses that compare variances within the same experts, and thus to carefully quantify the degree of consistency and objectivity that underlie expert performance and decision making. To achieve consistency, experts must be reliable, at least in the very basic sense that an expert makes the same decision when the same data are presented in the same circumstances, and thus be consistent with themselves. To achieve objectivity, experts must focus only on the data and ignore irrelevant information, and thus be unbiasable by extraneous context. The analyses show that experts are not totally reliable nor are they unbiasable. These findings are based on fingerprint experts decision making, but because this domain is so well established, they apply equally well (if not more) to all other less established forensic domains.     

HaeⅢ和HinfⅠ酶解DNA指纹图的比较——一例乱伦案的亲子鉴定

<正> DNA指纹技术已经在法医生物物证鉴定中被日益广泛地应用。从理论上说,两种不同的限制性内切酶酶解同一个体DNA产生完全不同的指纹图,虽有这方面的一般性报道,但无进一步的研究。作者用α—珠蛋白-3’HVR探针比较了HinfI和HaeⅢ酶解的DNA指纹图,并将此结果应用于案例鉴定,报道如下。     

短波紫外照射对汗潜手印DNA检测的影响初探

目的探测短波紫外灯的照射是否会对汗潜手印DNA检测产生影响。方法由每名志愿者在纸张上捺印4枚拇指指印使每枚指印的脱落细胞量保持基本相同,抽取每名志愿者所捺印的一枚指印作为一组,共有四组,将三组指印置于短波紫外灯的照射下,照射时间分别设置为10min﹑30min和1h,还有一组不照射,然后用磁珠法对所有指印提取DNA并进行定量。结果短波紫外灯的照射会对汗潜手印中的DNA造成减损,照射时间越长,减损得越多。结论尽量减少短波紫外灯对汗潜手印照射的时间(可控制在10min内),以保证汗潜手印有足够量的DNA而能被用于STR分型检测。     

防止茚三酮溶液扩散纸张字迹的研究

目的 解决茚三酮溶液在显现手印同时对纸张上字迹产生扩散作的问题;方法 分别采用茚三酮丙酮溶液,茚三酮氟利昂溶液,茚三酮石油谜溶液,茚三酮庚烷溶液作比较。结果 钢笔字迹用4种溶液均不易扩散;纸张上其它成份字迹用后两种方法显现手印时可有效保存纸张上文字原貌。     

紫外反射照相显现指印与502胶熏显指印方法的比对

目的比较紫外反射照相与502胶熏显两种方法显现指印的成功率,确定在同等条件下优先使用那种显现方法。方法对玻璃、陶瓷、黑白照片上3种类型上的汗液指印,油脂指印和普通指印各100枚,分别用紫外反射拍照显现与502胶熏显,统计两者达到3等级以上的比例,来判断效果的好坏。结果紫外反射照相显现法在3种客体上显现的成功率高于502胶熏显法。结论实验结果为选择指印显现方法提供了科学依据。     

谈灰尘手印的处理与提取

当前,在刑事案件的现场勘验中发现并提取到有价值的常规痕迹物证越发困难,灰尘手印在案发现场中出现概率很高,具有一定的代表性。由于受到承痕体本身材质、颜色等方面条件的限制,以及手印遗留的时间、灰尘加层还是减层等诸多因素的影响,采用相应的方法显现、提取指纹,就显得十分重要了。     

析痕迹检验在侦查中的作用

本文结合近些年来我国公安侦破工作中的一些案例,对痕迹检验在侦查中所发挥的作用进行细致深入的分析和阐述。最后,本文通过对一典型案例的分析阐述了现场痕迹在侦查破案中的综合利用。     

关于指纹自动识别系统使用过程中的新思考

计算机指纹自动识别系统,是指以指纹自动处理为核心的指纹处理、管理、识别计算机系统,具有存储容量大、比对速度快、效率高、质量好、便于应用等诸多优越性。指纹自动比对系统不仅提高了速度,最主要的是提高了比中率。但系统的使用是离不开人的,其中捺印指纹入库质量、现场指纹入库特征标识准确性、系统的维护等工作都离不开技术人员,各个环节的技术员的综合能力的优劣,及对系统性能的熟悉程度,均直接影响到检索比对的结果。     

完善手印显现工作的几点思考

手印显现是现场勘查的重要组成部分,而手印显现中每一步操作都具有一定的风险性,都将直接影响到手印的证据价值。因此,在手印显现过程中,要注重每一种显现方法的互补性、针对性,全面研究制约手印显现的各种因素,合理地使用各种光源,进一步提高现场手印显现的成功率。