《劳动合同法》实施效果之实证研究 ——基于东莞市三方主体 2568 个调查样本

《劳动合同法》实施的长期效果如何?学界对此研究比较薄弱。借鉴三人社会理论,通过对东莞市的劳动者、企业和调解员三方主体共2568个调查样本的统计分析发现,《劳动合同法》在一定程度上增加了企业成本,抑制了用工灵活,引起了企业撤资,减少了就业岗位,同时提高了劳动合同签订率,延长了合同期限,但没有提高无固定期限劳动合同签订率,也未达到稳定劳动关系的目标。     

论“城中村”消防安全隐患及对策

随着城市的快速发展和城市化进程的不断加快,大量外来流动人员涌入城市并聚居在‘‘城中村”,其消防现状令人担忧。因此,如何加强和改进城中村消防安全隐患问题已成为消防工作不容忽视的一个方面,文章就如何加强城中村区域的消防安全工作提出一些意见和建议,以期增强广大人民群众和社会单位的消防安全主体意识,进一步改善城中村的消防安全环境。     

Comparison of the effectiveness of Tenax TA and Carbotrap 300 in concentration of flammable liquids compounds

The aim of research was to compare two adsorbents, Tenax TA and Carbotrap 300, to evaluate their usefulness as passive adsorbents of flammable liquids compounds. It was also to determine whether Carbotrap 300 could be used in a passive adsorption mode, contrary to manufacturer recommendations. To compare the adsorption properties and the thermal desorption efficiency for Tenax TA and Carbotrap, the components of test mixture were adsorbed and then chromatographically analyzed. The analysis was conducted by means of an automated thermal desorber coupled with a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer. This research established that although these adsorbents significantly differ from each other in adsorption properties, each of them can be successfully used for passive adsorption of ignitable liquids compounds. Tenax TA turned out to be more effective for the adsorption of nonpolar, high-boiling compounds, whereas Carbotrap is more effective for polar and volatile compounds. The examined adsorbents differ in their susceptibility to thermal desorption. For Carbotrap 300, after the analysis an additional treatment is required to remove the remnants of adsorbed compounds. With Tenax TA, this additional step is not necessary because the thermal desorption is sufficiently effective that this product is immediately ready for re-use.     

A New Kind of Molotov? Gasoline–Pool Chlorinator Mixtures*

This paper investigates the reaction between pool chlorinators and gasoline. In particular, the propensity for self-ignition and the resulting chemical products were studied. An organic pool chlorinator was combined with gasoline in varying proportions in an attempt to form a hypergolic mixture. None of the combinations resulted in self-ignition, but larger quantities of chlorinator produced vigorous light-colored smoke and a solid mass containing isocyanuric acid and copper chloride. Additionally, the chlorinating abilities of different commercially available pool chlorinators were explored. When Ca(ClO)(2) and sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione-based chlorinators were used, the presence of gasoline was still visible after 10 days, despite limited chlorination. The trichloro-s-triazinetrione-based chlorinator, however, caused efficient chlorination of the C(2)- and C(3)-alkylbenzenes, making gasoline no longer identifiable.     

Preparation of pyrolysis reference samples: evaluation of a standard method using a tube furnace

A new, simple method for the reproducible creation of pyrolysis products from different materials that may be found at a fire scene is described. A temperature programmable steady-state tube furnace was used to generate pyrolysis products from different substrates, including softwoods, paper, vinyl sheet flooring, and carpet. The temperature profile of the tube furnace was characterized, and the suitability of the method to reproducibly create pyrolysates similar to those found in real fire debris was assessed. The use of this method to create proficiency tests to realistically test an examiner's ability to interpret complex gas chromatograph-mass spectrometric fire debris data, and to create a library of pyrolsates generated from materials commonly found at a fire scene, is demonstrated.     

Sustained Combustion of Bodies: Some Observations*

Abstract: Previous tests have explored the fire effects and fuel characteristics of animal carcasses in intense fires of relatively short duration. Here, test fires were conducted involving intact human cadavers and torsos that included nonaccelerated, long‐duration fires involving the bedding and clothing (in the manner of typical accidental deaths). The objective was to observe the fire conditions (size, radiant heat flux, and duration), where a human body represented the major fuel package in a nonaccelerated fire. The pattern of damage to the body was documented and compared with that resulting from a furnished room fire. Two intact, unembalmed human cadavers were exposed to fires of simulated accidental origin. The bedding was ignited by an open flame, and the fires were allowed to burn unaided to self‐extinguishment. It was found that normal human bodies can support a modest‐sized fire for some 6–7 h under these conditions. The presence of a substrate material that can act as a wick for the combustion of the rendered body fat results in extensive destruction of the torso where the greatest amount of subcutaneous fat resides, with less damage to the head and limbs. A third (partial) cadaver was exposed to a recreation of a typical accidental fire in a furnished room that progressed to full room involvement. This fire of some 15 min of total duration inflected only surface‐layer damage to the torso of the victim.     

铁路旅客列车消防监督检查

通过本文窥见公安消防执法的一个侧面,即明确并依法履行对铁路旅客列车消防监督检查的职责(提高工作质量),详细而全面、合法又合乎实际情况地设定出检查的形式和内容(提高办事效率),对检查发现的问题要严格而准确地进行处置(提高执法水平)。     

公共娱乐场所火灾安全疏散对策分析

随着经济的发展和人民生活的需要,各类公共娱乐场所日益增多,在满足人们文化需要的同时也带来了巨大的火灾安全隐患。本文首先介绍了近年来我国公共娱乐场所的火灾现状,并阐述了公共娱乐场所的含义以及从建筑结构和行业特点等方面分析了公共娱乐场所的火灾危险性,最后从规范消防安全疏散设计及建立安全疏散系统工程两方面对公共娱乐场所的火灾安全疏散提出了建议。     

A New Method for the Characterization of the Degree of Fire Damage to Gypsum Wallboard for Use in Fire Investigations

A new method to characterize the degree of fire damage to gypsum wallboard is introduced, implemented, and tested to determine the efficacy of its application among novices. The method was evaluated by comparing degree of fire damage assessments of novices with and without the method. Thirty-nine “novice” raters assessed damage to a gypsum wallboard surface, completing 66 ratings, first without the method, and then again using the method. The inter-rater reliability was evaluated for ratings of damage without and with the method. For novice fire investigators rating degree of damage without the aid of the method, ICC(1,2) = 0.277 with 95% CI (0.211, 0.365), and with the method, ICC(2,1) = 0.593 with 95% CI (0.509, 0.684). Results indicate that the raters were more reliable in their analysis of the degree of fire damage when using the method, which support the use of standardized processes to decrease the variability in data collection and interpretation.     

消防监督执法工作转变及对策建议

新《消防法》对消防监督执法工作进行了改革,确定了单位的消防安全责任人和单位的法定消防职责、改革了消防监督管理制度、规定了建筑消防审核实行建设工程消防备案抽查制度等7个方面。要加强消防监督执法工作,应切实改革消防行政审批制度、健全消防社会责任体系、加强消防监督执法人员的业务培训学习和规范消防监督执法行为。