论涵括（一）：一种初步探索

经验法则是司法证明中的一项基础性法则,大陆法系司法证明理论对其进行了概括论述,其理论形态具有较高的概括性、抽象性。英美国家的司法证明学者在“涵括”概念下也具体探讨了经验法则相关的内容,与大陆法系学者对经验法则的概括论述有所区别,英美学者在阐述“涵括”理论时,更注重其在证据能力和证明力评断以及具体司法推论过程中的方法论和工具作用,为我们研究经验法则的内容、作用机制提供了一个新的观察视角。     

证据保全制度的功能及其扩大化

基于诉讼数量不断增长和现代型诉讼要求先收集证据、后提出事实主张的客观需要,为实现预防诉讼、促进诉讼、集中化审理和多元化解决纠纷之目标,两大法系各主要国家纷纷对证据保全及类似制度进行了改革,使证据保全制度除保全证据外,又具有了确定事实、开示证据和诉讼外解决纠纷的多种功能。为强化当事人举证责任,保障当事人证据收集权和证明权的实现,我国也必须扩大证据保全制度的机能,一方面增设确定事物状态和经对方当事人同意之证据保全类型,另一方面鼓励当事人在证据保全程序中就与纠纷解决相关的事项达成协议。     

论被告人承担证明责任的不适用性

证明责任不同于举证负担。无罪推定原则、不被强迫自证其罪原则以及刑事诉讼结构的特点决定了被告人承担证明责任的不适用性。但被告人在一定情形下有举证负担。     

解读无人领会的语言——医疗侵权诉讼举证责任分配规则评析

我国通说对《民事诉讼证据的若干规定》中关于医疗侵权诉讼案件举证责任的规定存在重大误解。医疗侵权诉讼的证明责任只能由患方承担,对此类案件证明的困境应参照西方国家通过使证明责任负担与提供证据责任负担分离的机制及特定要件事实的证明责任与特定证明标准相挂钩的机制来加以化解。     

试论卫生行政处罚证明标准的确立

在卫生行政处罚中,由于缺乏明确的卫生行政处罚证明标准,导致案件质量参差不齐,卫生行政机关办理的案件因为待证事实不清而得不到法院支持的情况也屡有发生。卫生行政处罚作为卫生行政执法领域最重要的内容之一,如何进一步规范卫生行政处罚证据制度以及确立卫生行政处罚证明标准问题,尤为重要。本文通过阐释卫生行政处罚证明标准的概念、存在问题等,进而确立卫生行政处罚证明标准。     

以限制证据证明力为核心的新法定证据主义

中国证据立法遵循了一种以限制证据的证明力为核心的基本理念，即“新法定证据主义”的理念。证据法不仅对单个证据的证明力大小强弱确立了一些限制性规 则，而且对认定案件事实确立了一些客观化的证明标准。这一证据理念的出现，与立法者对证据真实性的优先考虑、对法官自由裁量权的限制有着密切的关系，也与刑事诉讼的纠问化、司法裁判的行政决策化存在因果关系。这一证据理念及其影响下的证据立法活动，固然有其现实的合理性，却带来了一系列弊端。要推动中国证据立法的健康发展，需要对“新法定证据主义”及其影响下的证据立法进行理论清理，并创造条件消除促成这一证据理念产生的制度土壤和文化环境。     

Experimental Study of Bite Mark Injuries by Digital Analysis

Abstract: This study was based on a morphometric analysis of bite marks starting from the quantitative definition of the anterior teeth by the geometric acquisition of the “injuries,” using bite marks impressed on pig skin and plastic. Each mark was photographed and acquired. A dedicated program automatically supplied the values of the shape factors and the areas of the pattern geometric figures. The values obtained for the homologous samples were compared to the heterologous values. Statistical comparison was made of the sets by linear regression, determining the correlation coefficient and the determination coefficient for each value. Results showed only 4.8% and 2% of overlap between homologous and heterologous values. This study was carried out in attempting to quantitatively define the anterior teeth of the human dentition and the procedure described and the results obtained support the advantage of morphometric studies and computer‐aided programs in this study of bite marks.     

The Ends of Deliberation: Meta‐consensus and Inter‐subjective Rationality as Ideal Outcomes

Normative deliberative theory has contributed much to an understanding of ideal procedural standards, but there is considerable uncertainty regarding the appropriate nature of desired deliberative outcomes. In this paper we identify two inter‐related concepts of meta‐consensus and inter‐subjective rationality as outcomes that an authentic deliberative process ought to produce. Importantly, these deliberative ends are consistent with ideal deliberative procedure. They are also empirically tractable, where preference transformation can be described in terms of underlying values, and judgments. Methods for assessing deliberative ends are provided and demonstrated using a case study.     

Mixing Habermas with Bayes: Methodological and Theoretical Advances in the Study of Deliberation

Two challenges stand out in the study of deliberation: the development of appropriate methodological tools and the development of more unified analytical frameworks. On the one hand, analysing deliberative processes is demanding and time‐consuming; hence we tend to have only few and non‐randomly selected cases at the group or context level. In addition, the real world of deliberation presents us with a complex matrix of nested, cross‐classified, and repeated speakers. This article shows that Bayesian multi‐level modelling provides an elegant way to tackle these methodological problems. On the other hand, we attempt to enrich comparative institutionalism with individual characteristics and psychologically relevant variables (such as group composition). Focusing on Swiss and German parliamentary debates we show that institutional factors ‐ in particular, consensus systems ‐, the gender composition of committees and plenary sessions, and age matter for the quality of deliberation. Furthermore, we also show that partisan affiliation ‐ government or opposition status of MPs ‐ affects deliberative quality and can refine institutional arguments. We conclude that a multi‐level approach to deliberation focusing on contextual and actor‐related characteristics and using Bayesian hierarchical modelling paves the way toward a more advanced understanding ‐ and methodological handling ‐ of deliberative processes.     

论无罪推定原则在错案预防中的作用

有罪推定是诸多冤错案件产生的思想根源.我国现行刑事诉讼法吸收了西方无罪推定原则的基本精神,但还存在不少差距.无罪推定原则实际上确立了被追诉人在刑事诉讼中的诉讼主体地位,由此,追诉方不得不承担举证责任,而被追诉方却享有一系列防御权利.这样,可以最大限度地约束国家权力的合法行使,保障被追诉者的人权,达到预防、减少错案的目的.