美国食品安全监管的第三方审核机制研究

2010年美国通过了《FDA食品安全现代化法》,对进口食品安全监管首次引入第三方审核制度。这一规定背后反映的是美国在食品供应链全球化之后,传统的监管机制日益不敷现实之需而借鉴私人监管创新的结果。本文梳理了该法规定的第三方审核机制的适用范围和主要制度安排,同时考察了美国食品安全第三方审核机制的实践,深入分析了其存在的问题和面临的挑战。最后,作者探讨了美国这一机制对我国加强食品安全监管可能具有的启示。     

多部门食品安全监管的必要性分析

中国的食品安全究竟以哪一种方式进行监管最为合适,这一问题一直是学界和政府关注的焦点。本文尝试从不同的角度回答这个问题。研究发现,"单部门"监管模式在中国不可行,食品安全监管的历史沿革和行政生态决定了我国应采取"多部门"监管的模式,它适合食品安全风险监控的客观需要,总体上利大于弊,存在正效益。     

Enabling global principle‐based regulation: The case of risk analysis in the Codex Alimentarius

This paper deals with the creation of global principle‐based standards. For such standards to be accepted and effective, particular conditions must be fulfilled. One such condition, little explored, is that standard‐makers and ‐takers share knowledge about the meaning of the principles, as well as the practices through which they are likely to be applied. The paper shows that this condition is fulfilled when transnational cultural systems exist, by means of which both types of actors engage in the explication and representation of their practices so that a common, standard understanding emerges of how principles may be interpreted on the ground and informs the negotiations. A transnational cultural system is a crucial governance infrastructure to set global standards, as shown by the long history of creating a risk analysis guideline by the Codex Alimentarius, the inter‐governmental body for food standards.     

我国食品安全犯罪监管体制研究

我国目前实行的是"以分段监管为主,以品种监管为辅"的多头监管体制。这种看似"分工明确,环环相扣"的监管模式,由于职权配置不合理、监管主体职责不清等原因,实践中导致职权交叉重复和出现大量的监管真空。这种监管体制已成为食品安全犯罪事件频发的元凶。如果强行将之前形成的多部门监管体制全部推倒重建为单一部门监管体制,可以避免分段监管的诸多弊端,但势必涉及政府有关部门利益的冲突和食品安全法律体系的重构,改革将面临重重阻力并因此付出巨大成本。因此,与我国当前的行政体制以及市场发育状况相适应,减少现有监管部门,建立以"两部门监管为主,其他部门监管为辅,并以刚性协调部门相配合"的监管模式,是目前最理想的选择,应作为监管体制改革与创新的方向。     

Food security as a political issue: the 2009 elections in Malawi

African electorates are expected to use non-evaluative rationales, like patronage and ethnicity, when casting their vote. In famine-struck countries like Malawi it is however worthwhile to investigate how a salient political issue like food security influences voters’ decisions. At the turn of the millennium Malawi went through a series of famines. In 2005 the government changed its famine prevention strategy and started to subsidise fertilisers. The fertiliser programme was a political success and is used to explain the outcome of the 2009 elections. Although this explanation seems plausible, such analyses should be grounded in thorough analyses of the origin and implementation of the food policy. Through archival studies and fieldwork, this study reveals the importance of the opposition in changing the food policy and the politics of the implementation process. Hence, even if food security increased ahead of the 2009 elections, the election cannot be interpreted as a ‘national referendum’ on the incumbent's fertiliser programme.     

Identification of a tooth-like foreign body in Swine sausage

A tooth-like foreign body (FB) was found inside a sausage bread. Analysis aimed to investigate whether the FB was a tooth and its origin. The FB was measured, weighed, photographed, and radiographed. Macroscopic findings were suggestive of an anterior tooth. Histological slides of undecalcified cross-sections of the FB and samples of human and swine teeth were prepared. Histological features of the FB (in light microscopy, 125× magnification) were discrepant from human tissues. Compared histological analysis displayed majority of features consistent with a hypsodont swine tooth, probably a canine. Cellularized cementum in crown region, adjacent to the enamel, and shape of the cementocytes were the main criteria excluding the possibility of human origin of the FB. Scanning electronic microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy were not performed because of fewer features to be analyzed and FB size. It was concluded that the FB may have been incorporated during meat grinding of the sausage.     

食品安全责任保险二元结构论

关于食品安全责任保险,应当结合食品科学的研究以及食品安全事故发生的概率、危险程度等因素,将转基因食品、儿童食品等纳入强制责任保险,不能笼统地将所有食品安全责任纳入强制责任保险。对食品安全责任保险实行强制保险和自愿保险二元结构。就食品安全责任强制保险而言,强制投保的对象应仅限于生产者,在认定保险人的除外责任时,应正确认定被保险人的“故意”。在食品安全责任自愿保险领域,针对投保率低的现状,应当在税收、食品营销等方面采取相应措施,来推动食品安全责任保险的发展。保险人的保险金给付义务仅限于损害补偿部分,惩罚性赔偿金的目的在于惩罚生产者、销售者,因此不能通过责任保险来分散风险。     

社会管理创新视角下的食品安全管理

近几年来,各类食品安全事件发生频繁,食品安全问题更是层出不穷。如何确保老百姓的食品安全,已成为政府创新社会管理中必须解决的一个重要民生问题。本文从社会管理创新角度客观分析我国现阶段食品安全管理中存在的主要问题,进而提出加强食品安全管理的建议。     

完善食品安全中的政府监管法律责任

近几年来,由于食品安全事故频发,引起整个社会包括法学界的普遍关注。政府是食品安全领域中的监管者,在食品安全监管中负有不可替代的责任,但现行法律中对政府的监管责任的规定却十分不到位,存在重食品生产者、销售者的法律责任,轻政府监管部门的法律责任;相关法律对政府监管责任规定概括、缺乏可操作性、不全面以及无相关责任追究程序等问题。为此,必须完善食品安全中的政府监管法律责任,从归责原则到具体法条的设定,都应做到科学、具体、行之有效,使政府的监管责任落到实处。     

《食品安全法》立法刍议

食品安全问题已成为世界各国人民和政府十分关注的焦点。我国的食品安全问题也不容乐观。国内现行的《食品卫生法》已不能适应科技进步和经济发展形势的需要,亟需尽快制定我国的《食品安全法》及其配套法规。对《食品安全法》的立法工作提出了建设性意见。