成年小鼠氯胺酮慢性中毒后脑细胞凋亡

目的研究不同持续时间和剂量下氯胺酮慢性中毒对成年小鼠脑细胞凋亡发生的影响。方法氯胺酮按不同剂量(4、10、20、30mg/kg)每周2次于成年小鼠尾静脉注射,建立小鼠氯胺酮滥用慢性中毒模型,氯胺酮连续注射1、2、4、8、12周后处死。采用透射电镜进行细胞凋亡的定性检测,以Caspase-3免疫荧光染色法和脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling,TUNEL)定量检测凋亡细胞数,推断凋亡发生的时间,并统计分析实验结果。结果氯胺酮染毒1周后,在透射电镜下见到脑组织海马及纹状体区域有明显的神经元凋亡,并持续至8周后;染毒1周可见Caspase-3高表达,4周后呈持续低水平表达;染毒1周后可见TUNEL阳性细胞较对照组明显增加,4周时仍处于高水平表达。结论氯胺酮尾静脉注射可致成年小鼠神经元凋亡。     

民生风险理论与食品安全的刑法规制

民生风险是指包括生产、生活在内的社会活动对民生可能造成危害的风险,规制民生风险的刑法就叫做民生刑法。食品安全问题是民生风险的一项重要内容,包括食品生产制造(包括储存、运输等所有"食品入口"之前的环节)时难以避免的"工艺风险"、对食材配料定位不断变化的"认识风险"及生产和配料中的"人为错误"。其中"人为错误"是行为人能够或应该认识到并加以控制的对食品安全的侵害。而工艺风险和认识风险因难于预测、不易避免,其刑法适用尚待进一步探究,而不能简单地引入"风险"观念,通过加大打击力度、增设新罪来解决。民生风险和民生刑法的概念就避免了"风险"理论对刑法基本底线的违背,较好地把握了理论节度,成为规制食品安全较为合适的刑法指导性理念。     

食品安全信息供给的政府义务及其实现路径

食品安全信息的有效供给,关系到社会对食品生产和消费的信息和对政府的信任,而完善我国食品安全信息的供给,已经成为完善我国食品安全监管的重要环节。本文通过对食品安全信息特性的分析,认为政府应当承担食品安全信息供给的义务。因此,本文全面反思现行法律中我国食品安全信息供给中政府义务的缺陷,并提出矫正的对策。     

Critical junctures and institution-building: regional cooperation on free trade and food security in East Asia

This study examines conditions under which states in East Asia engage in the development of regional institutions. It assumes that crucial external events and shocks, which produce specific historical breakpoints – critical junctures – constitute a significant breakpoint at which the regional states willingly elevated a path to develop regional institutions to a new level. The analysis of the development of regional institutions for a free trade area and food stock for emergency revealed that regional states in East Asia changed their views on the evolving reality created by external shocks and such changes led to the creation of new regional institutions.     

食品安全犯罪之刑罚配置——以民生刑法为视角

在民生时代,食品安全犯罪的刑罚应当以民生刑法为指导来进行配置.在刑罚配置强度的确定上,我国食品安全犯罪的刑罚配置以国家刑法为导向,在定性错误的基础上强调重刑,存在诸多弊端;根据民生刑法,应当运用社会控制模式对犯罪进行综合治理,在正确定位的基础上合理配置刑罚,顺应世界刑罚的发展趋势逐步实现刑罚的轻缓化.在刑罚配置种类的完善上,根据民生刑法,应将罚金刑上升为主刑,将货值金额作为罚金刑的适用基准,采用倍比罚金制,提高罚金数额,设定最低数额,对犯罪单位配置较犯罪自然人以及相关责任人员更高的罚金数额;根据民生刑法,应增设与食品安全犯罪相配的资格刑刑种,这是惩罚和预防犯罪的需要,是禁止令的改革方向.     

22例天然气不完全燃烧废气中毒案件分析

目的分析天然气不完全燃烧后废气中毒案件特点,为法医学鉴定以及事故的预防提供参考。方法收集2004—2013年间上海市闵行区天然气不完全燃烧后废气中毒案件22例,从死亡人员一般情况、案件发生时段及天气、现场情况、尸体检验等进行回顾性分析。结果 22例案件中,男性死者15人,女性死者16人,年龄在2~82岁,事发时间主要在1和2月(各8例),事发地点基本在小面积公寓房(21例),所有案件中使用燃气热水器时排气口旁均留有较宽的缝隙。结论通风窗口在燃气热水器排气口旁边的小面积公寓房易发生天然气不完全燃烧后废气中毒事故,在寒冷季节应注意废气中毒现场的勘察。     

保健类食品分类情况浅析

“保健食品”的法律概念最早是在卫生部于1996年3月发布的《保健食品管理办法》中被明确的,而“保健类食品”则是作者结合工作实际所提出比较符合当前市场现状的一个概念。本文从保健食品、类保健食品以及保健类食品等概念出发,在深入分析国外对保健类食品的分类及管理基础上,提出对我国保健类食品管理的建议。     

食品安全:政府的市场监管不能缺位

本文在分析了食品安全存在的突出问题和矛盾后认为,食品安全问题产生的深层原因是由于食品生产、加工和销售者的道德失范,法律法规、政策的缺憾以及监管主体的不作为和消费者法律意识的淡薄、维权意识的缺失所致.因此,要实现食品安全目标,应当完善相关的法律和政策,创新监管措施和手段,借鉴国外的成功经验.     

Acute Poisoning Types and Prevalence in Shanghai,China, from January 2010 to August 2011

In recent years, the number of cases of acute poisoning has increased in China, yet; currently, there is no detailed report published that addresses acute poisoning in the mainland of China. We collected biological samples from 466 cases of suspected acute poisoning at the hospitals in Shanghai, China, and examined them using spectroscopy, chromatography and chromatography/mass spectrometry. Of the 466 cases, 230 cases (100 men and 130 women) were positively confirmed as acute poisonings. There were 80 types of compounds identified in this study. Medications were the most frequent substances identified, and the other substances included pesticides, multiple compounds, volatile compounds, natural toxins, and others. The results of this study indicate a need for strengthening the education about and management of the rational and safe use of drugs in Shanghai.     

Through thick or thin? The performance and operation of firms and the institutional thickness model

The idea that “institutional thickness” is an important component for the resilience of local economies continues to attract attention several years after the seminal work on the subject by Amin and Thrift (1994). In Melbourne's northern suburbs, one manufacturing sector has recently seen significant job growth. Coinciding with this trend is the emergence of regional economic development bodies. Have they influenced the performance and operation of firms? Results from interviews with firm managers suggest not, with non-institutional factors predominating. This “business as usual” scenario suggests local economic development strategies have limitations.