妇科肿瘤和乳腺癌组织常染色体和X染色体STR的突变分析

目的探讨妇科肿瘤组织和乳腺癌组织的法医学常用STR基因座突变类型和规律,以及显微切割技术在肿瘤组织法医学鉴定中的应用。方法应用Power Plex 21 System和Argus X-12试剂盒对62例乳腺癌患者,62例妇科恶性肿瘤患者,10例良性妇科肿瘤患者外周血、肿瘤组织和癌旁组织DNA样本进行复合扩增,获得STR分型,并选取存在突变的部分肿瘤组织进行显微切割。结果妇科恶性肿瘤患者外周血的STR分型与癌旁组织一致;46.77%的妇科恶性肿瘤组织中观察到4种STR突变类型,显著高于良性肿瘤的STR突变率(P0.01)和乳腺癌的STR突变率(P=0.009)。显微切割获得的间质细胞的STR分型与癌旁组织一致。结论本研究所检测的STR基因座在妇科恶性肿瘤组织中的稳定性较差,不适用于该系统肿瘤组织的法医学鉴定;显微切割技术可准确分离间质细胞,能够代表肿瘤来源个体的正常DNA分型,是解决此类案件法医学鉴定的一种有效方法。     

Effects of Re‐heating Tissue Samples to Core Body Temperature on High‐Velocity Ballistic Projectile–tissue Interactions

Damage produced by high‐speed projectiles on organic tissue will depend on the physical properties of the tissues. Conditioning organic tissue samples to human core body temperature (37°C) prior to conducting ballistic experiments enables their behavior to closely mimic that of living tissues. To minimize autolytic changes after death, the tissues are refrigerated soon after their removal from the body and re‐heated to 37°C prior to testing. This research investigates whether heating 50‐mm‐cube samples of porcine liver, kidney, and heart to 37°C for varying durations (maximum 7 h) can affect the penetration response of a high‐speed, steel sphere projectile. Longer conditioning times for heart and liver resulted in a slight loss of velocity/energy of the projectile, but the reverse effect occurred for the kidney. Possible reasons for these trends include autolytic changes causing softening (heart and liver) and dehydration causing an increase in density (kidney).     

桃红四物汤促进产后血瘀大鼠子宫修复的作用

目的 观察桃红四物汤对产后血瘀大鼠子宫修复的促进作用,探讨其与内皮素-1（endothelin-1,ET-1）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS）及血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）和血管内皮生长因子受体2（vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2,VEGFR-2）的关联性。方法 选取产后血瘀模型复制成功的大鼠40只,将其随机分为桃红四物汤高剂量（18.0 g/kg）、中剂量（9.0 g/kg）、低剂量（4.5 g/kg）组,阳性对照组（益母草颗粒4.3 g/kg）和模型组（蒸馏水）,另取正常雌性大鼠作为正常对照组。连续给药7 d后,腹主动脉取血,分离子宫,苏木精-伊红染色法观察子宫血瘀状态,免疫组织化学法检测子宫VEGFR-2表达情况;酶联免疫吸附法检测血清中ET-1、iNOS及VEGF水平。结果 桃红四物汤可明显改善子宫血瘀程度,促进子宫组织中VEGFR-2的表达;桃红四物汤高、中剂量组大鼠血清VEGF及iNOS水平明显升高（P＜0.05）,ET-1水平明显降低（P＜0.05）。结论 桃红四物汤可促进产后血瘀大鼠子宫修复,其修复作用可能与调节子宫血管舒缩功能及促进子宫血管新生有关。     

载黄芪多糖组织工程支架促糖尿病大鼠皮肤创伤修复研究

目的 研究载黄芪多糖（Astragalus polysaccharides,APS）组织工程支架(APS/PDLGA)对糖尿病大鼠皮肤创面愈合的影响。方法 采用高压静电纺丝技术制备APS/PDLGA超细纤维,构成三维纤维网状组织工程支架;扫描电子显微镜观察纤维形貌,并计算直径;采用苯酚-浓硫酸法检测载药量与包封率;将APS/PDLGA用于糖尿病大鼠皮肤溃疡创面修复,采用苏木精-伊红染色观察各实验组皮肤修复进程。结果 APS/PDLGA纤维表面光滑、粗细均匀、直径（2.56±0.50）μm、载药量（5.22±0.076）%、包封率（90.06±1.31）%,覆盖APS/PDLGA纤维膜组的糖尿病大鼠皮肤创面约在第18天完全愈合,新生上皮外观与结构和正常皮肤相似,愈合速度明显快于空白PDLGA纤维膜组和对照组创面（P＜0.01）。结论 APS/PDLGA纤维组织工程支架可促进糖尿病大鼠皮肤创面愈合,有望应用于糖尿病皮肤溃疡治疗。     

大黄泄浊颗粒保留灌肠对非透析慢性肾病湿热证患者血清结缔组织生长因子及肝细胞生长因子的影响

目的观察非透析慢性肾病湿热证患者血清结缔组织生长因子(connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)和肝细胞生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)水平及大黄泄浊颗粒保留灌肠对其干预作用。方法将63例非透析慢性肾病3~4期湿热证患者随机分为治疗组32例和对照组31例,并设正常组20例。治疗组和对照组均给予基础治疗,治疗组加用大黄泄浊颗粒保留灌肠,每日1次,疗程8周。观察两组临床疗效、血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr),以及治疗前后血清CTGF、HGF,并与正常组进行比较。结果治疗组临床疗效和中医证候疗效均显著优于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后治疗组BUN较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),SCr呈降低趋势(P0.05);对照组治疗后BUN较治疗前呈降低趋势(P0.05),SCr较治疗前显著升高(P0.05)。治疗组和对照组治疗前CTGF、HGF水平显著高于正常组(P0.05);治疗后治疗组和对照组血清CTGF、HGF水平均显著降低(P0.05);治疗组治疗后HGF和CTGF下降值大于对照组,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论大黄泄浊颗粒保留灌肠改善非透析慢性肾病湿热证患者的机制与降低血清CTGF、HGF水平有关。     

芙蓉膏对家兔皮肤软组织感染的抑菌抗炎作用

目的 研究芙蓉膏外敷对家兔体表软组织感染的抑菌抗炎作用。方法 采用纸片琼脂扩散法进行抑菌实验,比较芙蓉膏粉剂溶液、复方黄柏涂剂和青霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌及大肠埃希菌菌株的生长抑制作用。选用50只新西兰家兔进行抗炎实验,将其随机分为正常组,模型组,莫匹罗星组,芙蓉膏低、高剂量组,每组10只。模型复制成功后进行药物干预,光学显微镜下观察组织病理改变;分别于第2、4、7天给药后8 h检测外周血白细胞（white blood cell, WBC）、中性粒细胞（neutrophils, NE）数量,超敏C反应蛋白（high sensitive C-reactive protein, hs-CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（interleukin-6, IL-6）水平。结果 芙蓉膏粉剂溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑菌作用（抑菌环直径为2.5 mm）。光学显微镜下可见低、高剂量芙蓉膏均可减少兔后背软组织感染区的炎症细胞浸润,以高剂量芙蓉膏的作用为优。模型复制后2、4、7 d,莫匹罗星组,芙蓉膏低、高剂量组全血WBC、NE计数,血清hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平均较模型组明显下降（P＜0.05）或呈降低趋势（P＞0.05）;芙蓉膏降低全血WBC计数的作用具有明显的剂量依赖性（P＜0.05）。结论 芙蓉膏对金黄色葡萄球菌生长有抑制作用,高剂量芙蓉膏可减轻软组织感染模型兔的炎症反应,促进创面修复。     

小鼠卵巢组织玻璃化冷冻保存的研究

为了探索小鼠卵巢组织玻璃化冷冻保存的有效方法,以5周龄昆明小白鼠的卵巢为材料,分别采用不同的冷冻保护剂、平衡时间、冷冻载体和组织块大小对小鼠卵巢组织进行玻璃化冷冻保存。玻璃化冷冻保存的基本程序:取小白鼠卵巢,切块,玻璃化冷冻。玻璃化冷冻效果评判的方法是解冻玻璃化冷冻保存的卵巢组织块,收集其中的未成熟卵,体外培养和体外受精,观察其体外成熟、体外受精及所形成胚胎的发育能力。结果表明,小鼠卵巢组织玻璃化冷冻保存以卵巢组织块大小为1mm3、以半麦管作为载体、在75mL/LED(EG+DMSO)中平衡15min、以用150mL/L ED玻璃化冷冻液处理3min的方法,冷冻保存效果最好。     

The Microbiome Forensics Database UZH

Microbial communities in biological stains can provide valuable information to assist forensic scientists identify the body fluid/tissue present in these. As these microbial communities are characteristic of body habitats, DNA sequencing of microbes can be used to predict bodily origin. Promising predictive results have been obtained with supervised machine learning algorithms trained on bacterial abundance data from human body sites. Importantly, prediction accuracy is dependent on the training dataset, yet compiling a large and comprehensive training reference is a non-trivial issue requiring substantial efforts. Here we present a new online database and associated data-mining platform which is, to our knowledge, the first one customised for forensic scientists investigating body fluids/tissues. Our database features samples originating from ten human body sites, with selection options through an online platform. Users can download bacterial abundance as well as taxonomic data, which can then be used to train predictive models and test their accuracy. Future stages of the development of the platform will include curation of the samples to decrease potential errors in sample labelling, as well as access to an online tool to conduct exploratory analyses.     

Gunshot residues on dry bone after decomposition-a pilot study

Abstract: Very little literature exists concerning radiochemical and microscopic analyses of gunshot wounds in decomposed material, and even less concerning skeletonized samples; the most advanced technologies may provide useful indications for the diagnosis of suspect lesions, especially if gunshot wounds are no longer recognizable. However, we know very little of the survival of gunshot residues (GSR) in skeletonized samples. This study examined nine gunshot wounds produced on pig heads which then underwent skeletonization for 4 years, and four gunshot entries on human heads from judicial cases which were then macerated to the bone in water; the samples underwent scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray (SEM‐EDX) analysis. Positive results for GSR were observed only in four of the nine animal samples and in all four human samples. Among the human samples, two lesions showed Pb and Sb, one lesion only Pb, and one Pb, Sb, and Ba. This pilot study showed the survival of GSR in skeletal material and therefore the crucial importance of SEM‐EDX analyses on skeletonized material. Further studies are needed in order to ascertain the role of environmental modifications of GSR.     

组织RNA检测用于死亡时间推断的研究进展

近几年来利用RNA的降解程度来推断死亡时间已逐渐成为法医学研究热点.本文复习相关研究文献,对大鼠不同组织(脑组织、心脏组织、肝脏组织和肾组织等)中RNA在推断死亡时间的具体应用方法做出总结,归纳出不同组织中的各类RNA在推断死亡时间方面的适用范围,以及对此种方法在推断死亡时间的过程中产生的问题及可行性的解决方法.