不必重构我国刑法上的强奸罪——从比较法律文化的角度考察

域外强奸犯罪的立法变革源于其人权的张扬、女性运动的发展和对同性恋的宽容等社会现实引起的性文化观念的革新。在祖国大陆地区由于传统文化观念依然占据主流地位,女性的主体意识,特别是性主体意识和相应的文化观念尚未普遍形成,女性在社会经济文化生活中的地位制约着男女平等观念的确立;因此,在现有的制度和文化背景下,不宜立即变革强奸罪立法,而应当积极采取以司法个案判决的形式推进体现正义和平等的性文化观念,最终实现强奸罪的立法变革,这应当是目前我国大陆地区比较稳妥的做法。     

傅立叶红外光谱（ATR）法检验纺织纤维

文章利用傅立叶红外光谱(ATR)法对收集到的纺织纤维样品进行种类上的区分,包括同种颜色(红色)不同品牌不同厂家的毛绒纤维样品,同一品牌相近颜色的纺织纤维样品,同种颜色(红色)不同品牌不同厂家的羊绒、腈纶纤维样品。根据红外谱图、数据分析,将纺织纤维样品分为3组,每组均为2类。其实验结果表明,红外光谱(ATR)法对于分析纺织纤维样品,分析速度快、样品需求量小,而且无损、不消耗检材,通过重复性实验,证实了其实验结果准确可靠。     

死后离体人肝组织的激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱分析

目的观察和探讨人死后肝组织细胞激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱的变化规律及其与死亡时间的关系。方法离体肝组织于死后48～72h内每隔4h提取样品,采用激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱技术进行检测。观察800cm-1～3 200cm-1范围内检测样本特征峰的变化,指认其对应的化学基团,选择强度比值I1094/I2923作为响应值,并进行统计学计算。结果在48～72h内,随时间的延长,肝组织细胞主要散射峰峰位无明显变化,而其峰强度有明显差异;与核酸有关的峰（1 094cm-1）强度随时间推移有明显下降;与脂类有关的峰（1 454cm-1、2 923cm-1）强度变化不明显;各相对峰强（I1094/I2923）随死亡时间的推移而减小,并得到回归方程（r=0.914）。结论人死后肝组织细胞DNA降解随死亡时间延长呈下降趋势,I1094/I2923值与PMI呈负线性关系。激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱技术有望成为推断死亡时间的检测方法。     

书写材料的红外区吸收与发光的研究

介绍了书写材料在红外波段吸收与发光的实验研究结果,发现对于书写材料其最佳激发波段恰好是反射曲线中的吸收峰.橙红色光的激发效果很好,拓宽了激发光的范围.     

红外光谱在刑事案件中的应用

目的针对各类案件繁多的物证检材,结合实验室的工作范围、特点,积累适用的商品材料光谱图[1],切合实际、提高工作效率.方法选择生活中常见的多组分材料采用FTIR分析方法.结果将其制作成标准谱图,作为案件的参照物进行比对.结论该方法在刑事案件鉴定中取得了良好的效果.     

Visualization of latent fingerprints using fluorescence lifetime imaging on paper emitting strong fluorescence

Latent fingerprints were successfully visualized using fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) on paper which emits strong fluorescence with a lifetime close to that of fingerprints and thus from which it is difficult for time-resolved spectroscopy to visualize fingerprints. Latent fingerprint samples on paper were excited using a 450 nm or 532 nm nanosecond pulsed-laser, and time-resolved fluorescence images were obtained at a delay time of 6–16 ns in intervals of 1 ns, to the excitation pulse. The excitation beam was expanded using a lens, and the fluorescence from the fingerprints was captured using an intensified CCD camera. Because of the large fluorescence intensity of the background paper of approximately two to four orders of magnitude larger than that of the fingerprint, the fingerprint was not visualized on each fluorescence image by time-resolved spectroscopy. However, the fingerprint was visualized in a FLIM image constructed using a series of the fluorescence images for the case with the fluorescence intensity of the background paper being four orders of magnitude larger than that of the fingerprint. The difference in fluorescence lifetime in the FLIM image of the visualized fingerprint and background paper was in the order of 0.1 ns, which was an order of magnitude smaller than the inherent fluorescence lifetime of a few nanoseconds for the fingerprints and paper. It was demonstrated that, at a background fluorescence intensity with a certain order of magnitude larger than that of fingerprints, FLIM has the potential to visualize latent fingerprints which cannot be visualized by time-resolved spectroscopy.     

Infrared Imaging of the Crime Scene: Possibilities and Pitfalls

All objects radiate infrared energy invisible to the human eye, which can be imaged by infrared cameras, visualizing differences in temperature and/or emissivity of objects. Infrared imaging is an emerging technique for forensic investigators. The rapid, nondestructive, and noncontact features of infrared imaging indicate its suitability for many forensic applications, ranging from the estimation of time of death to the detection of blood stains on dark backgrounds. This paper provides an overview of the principles and instrumentation involved in infrared imaging. Difficulties concerning the image interpretation due to different radiation sources and different emissivity values within a scene are addressed. Finally, reported forensic applications are reviewed and supported by practical illustrations. When introduced in forensic casework, infrared imaging can help investigators to detect, to visualize, and to identify useful evidence nondestructively.     

The Discrimination of Colored Acrylic,Cotton, and Wool Textile Fibers Using Micro‐Raman Spectroscopy. Part 1: In situ Detection and Characterization of Dyes

Raman spectroscopy has been applied to characterize fiber dyes and determine the discriminating ability of the method. Black, blue, and red acrylic, cotton, and wool samples were analyzed. Four excitation sources were used to obtain complementary responses in the case of fluorescent samples. Fibers that did not provide informative spectra using a given laser were usually detected using another wavelength. For any colored acrylic, the 633‐nm laser did not provide Raman information. The 514‐nm laser provided the highest discrimination for blue and black cotton, but half of the blue cottons produced noninformative spectra. The 830‐nm laser exhibited the highest discrimination for red cotton. Both visible lasers provided the highest discrimination for black and blue wool, and NIR lasers produced remarkable separation for red and black wool. This study shows that the discriminating ability of Raman spectroscopy depends on the fiber type, color, and the laser wavelength.     

Real‐Time Detection of Concealed Chemical Hazards Under Ambient Light Conditions Using Raman Spectroscopy

Current concerns regarding terrorism and international crime highlight the need for new techniques for detecting unknown and hazardous substances. A novel Raman spectroscopy‐based technique, spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS), was recently devised for noninvasively probing the contents of diffusely scattering and opaque containers. Here, we demonstrate a modified portable SORS sensor for detecting concealed substances in‐field under different background lighting conditions. Samples including explosive precursors, drugs, and an organophosphate insecticide (chemical warfare agent surrogate) were concealed inside diffusely scattering packaging including plastic, paper, and cloth. Measurements were carried out under incandescent and fluorescent light as well as under daylight to assess the suitability of the probe for different real‐life conditions. In each case, it was possible to identify the substances against their reference Raman spectra in less than 1 min. The developed sensor has potential for rapid detection of concealed hazardous substances in airports, mail distribution centers, and customs checkpoints.     

The Use of Scale‐Invariance Feature Transform Approach to Recognize and Retrieve Incomplete Shoeprints

Shoeprints left at the crime scene provide valuable information in criminal investigation due to the distinctive patterns in the sole. Those shoeprints are often incomplete and noisy. In this study, scale‐invariance feature transform is proposed and evaluated for recognition and retrieval of partial and noisy shoeprint images. The proposed method first constructs different scale spaces to detect local extrema in the underlying shoeprint images. Those local extrema are considered as useful key points in the image. Next, the features of those key points are extracted to represent their local patterns around key points. Then, the system computes the cross‐correlation between the query image and each shoeprint image in the database. Experimental results show that full‐size prints and prints from the toe area perform best among all shoeprints. Furthermore, this system also demonstrates its robustness against noise because there is a very slight difference in comparison between original shoeprints and noisy shoeprints.