论罪犯心理矫治的模式选择

我国监狱的罪犯心理矫治工作在实践中主要有四种模式 :发展模式 ,注重健康导向、平等关系 ,着眼发展与潜力开发 ;医疗模式 ,注重病理导向、医患关系 ,着眼疾病治疗 ,重视技术运用 ;改造模式 ,注重思想导向、教导关系 ,着眼监狱安全 ,重视探测不良思想 ;全员训导模式 ,注重心理决定导向、训导关系 ,着眼全员参与 ,重视传统经验和日常训练。前两种属于狭义的心理矫治模式 ,专业性强 ;后两种属于广义的心理矫治模式 ,值得提倡和鼓励 ,但需要进一步规范化 ,并且要与专业性的心理矫治工作区别开来。     

死后大鼠脾脏组织FTIR测量结果的法医学分析

目的应用傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱技术分析大鼠死后脾脏组织随死亡时间增加的化学变化过程,为死亡时间推断研究提供新的途径与研究数据。方法大鼠断颈处死后,在30℃、20℃及4℃环境中,不同死亡时间点提取大鼠脾脏组织,并运用FTIR光谱仪测定不同化学基团随死亡时间的变化。结果随着死亡时间的推移,大鼠脾脏组织FTIR光谱的主要吸收峰峰位没有明显变化,而其吸收峰强度有明显差异：（1）1080cm-1和1238cm-1被指认核酸谱带吸收峰的峰强呈下降趋势;（2）1541cm-1被指认酰胺Ⅱ吸收峰的峰强呈上升变化;（3）1396cm-1被指认脂肪酸吸收峰的峰强呈上升变化;（4）指认为C-H结构振动的2852、2871、2923、2958cm-1吸收峰的峰强呈现上升趋势。结论 FTIR光谱分析技术有望成为法医死亡时间推断的有效方法。     

The characterization of automobile body fillers

Body fillers are sometimes encountered with paint evidence from hit-and-run accidents. Little forensic research has been conducted and published on the subject since 1986. The objective of this study was to determine if chemical and physical differences in body fillers from various manufacturers existed and could be identified. Thirty-three samples of light-weight automobile body fillers and spot putties were obtained. The fillers and putties were compared using light microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), and pyrolysis gas chromatography (pyGC). Results from fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis placed the samples into five groups and differentiated six samples. Light microscopy placed the samples into one of five color groups. PyGC placed the samples into three groups and differentiated one sample. SEM-EDX placed the samples into four groups and differentiated 13 samples. Using these analysis methods, 19 of the 33 samples could be discriminated. The best discriminatory tool was found to be SEM-EDX.     

Fourier transform infrared reflectance spectra of latent fingerprints: a biometric gauge for the age of an individual

To determine if changes in fingerprint infrared spectra linear with age can be found, partial least squares (PLS1) regression of 155 fingerprint infrared spectra against the person's age was constructed. The regression produced a linear model of age as a function of spectrum with a root mean square error of calibration of less than 4 years, showing an inflection at about 25 years of age. The spectral ranges emphasized by the regression do not correspond to the highest concentration constituents of the fingerprints. Separate linear regression models for old and young people can be constructed with even more statistical rigor. The success of the regression demonstrates that a combination of constituents can be found that changes linearly with age, with a significant shift around puberty.     

Differentiation of Twenty‐One Glitter Lip‐Glosses by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy*

Abstract: Differentiation of 21 glitter lip‐glosses from seven manufacturers was attempted by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Samples were pyrolyzed on a ribbon probe at 800°C for 20 sec and analyzed with an Agilent^® 6890N Network GC System and Agilent^® 5973 Network Mass Selective Detector with MSD Productivity ChemStation^® Data Analysis software. The total ion chromatograms obtained were examined and differences in the presence or absence of certain chromatographic peaks corresponding to certain pyrolysis products (e.g., styrene, cyclohexane) noted. In cases where the total ion chromatograms between lip‐glosses were similar, select ion profiling was performed. Of the 21 lip‐glosses, 15 were differentiated by either the total ion chromatograms alone or through select ion profiling. Considering that lip‐glosses are typically worn by young women (who are disproportionately victims of sexual assault), this study offers the potential of being able to provide investigative leads in sexual assault investigations with evidentiary samples of this kind.     

Postmortem Diagnosis of Fatal Hypothermia by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Edema Fluid in Formalin-Fixed,Paraffin-Embedded Lung Tissues

The goal of this study was to investigate whether pulmonary edema could become a specific diagnostic marker for fatal hypothermia using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics. The spectral profile analysis indicated that hypothermia fatalities associated with pulmonary edema fluid contained more β-sheet protein conformational structures than the control causes of death, which included sudden cardiac death, brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, mechanical asphyxiation, intoxication, and drowning. Subsequently, the results of principal component analysis (PCA) further revealed that the content of β-sheet protein conformational structures in the pulmonary edema fluid was the main discriminatory marker between fatal hypothermia and the other causes of death. Ultimately, a robust postmortem diagnostic model for fatal hypothermia using a partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) algorithm was constructed. Pulmonary edema fluid spectra collected from eight new forensic autopsy cases that did not participate in the construction of the diagnostic model were predicted using the model. The results showed the causes of death of all these eight cases were correctly classified. In conclusion, this preliminary study demonstrates that FTIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics could be a promising approach for the postmortem diagnosis of fatal hypothermia.     

Comparison of three collection methods for the sodium rhodizonate detection of gunshot residues on hands

The aim of this study was to compare three gunshot residue (GSR) collection methods used in conjunction with chemographic detection applied by different regional Swiss police services. The specimens were collected from the hands of a shooter with either filter paper (Filter method) or adhesive foil. The adhesive foil was then either applied against photographic paper during visualisation (AF Photo method) or coated with a layer of polyvinyl alcohol (AF PVAL method). The experiments involved two conditions of the examined hands, i.e. dry and humidified. The residues were revealed using the sodium rhodizonate test (SRT). Preliminary tests assessing the possibility of conducting a confirmatory Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) analysis after the chemographic test were performed on a number of specimens by cutting positive spots and mounting them on stubs. Obtained results were compared in terms of effectiveness - number of positive spots, time requirements, quality of subsequent SEM-EDX analysis, ease of use and cost.The Filter method generally yielded a high-quality detection with both dry and humidified hands, as well as a simple, quick and efficient confirmation by SEM/EDX. The AF Photo performed well on dry hands, but not on humidified hands. The AF PVAL method performance was lower compared to the other methods in both examined conditions of the hands. The SEM/EDX analysis showed that the Filter and AF PVAL method provided satisfactory results when a sufficient carbon coating thickness was applied to the cuttings. It was also observed that the thinner the PVAL layer, the better the quality of the spectra and obtained images in SEM/EDX. Furthermore, the surface of the photographic paper did not seem to be conductive, even after the application of a thick layer of carbon.In conclusion, the Filter method gave the best overall results, but its application required slightly more time and expertise than the two other methods.     

社会转型期领导干部的媒体素养及其生成路径

媒体素养是新时期领导干部领导水平和执政能力的重要体现。加强领导干部的媒体素养和新闻意识是应对社会转型期社会舆论多层次状态、新兴媒体兴起和媒体格局的变革、西方发达国家新闻渗透战略、公共突发性事件频发、领导干部媒体意识缺失等严重挑战的积极反应。各级领导干部必须增强媒体意识,加大培训力度,主动实践锻炼、科学借鉴经验,创新机制,加强自身媒体素养,切实提高与媒体打交道的能力。     

大鼠死后脑组织的傅里叶变换红外光谱变化

目的应用傅里叶变换红外（Fourier transform infrared．FTIR）光谱技术分析大鼠死后脑组织随死亡时间推移的化学变化过程,为死亡时间推断的研究提供新的途径与数据。方法大鼠断颈处死后置于（30±2）℃环境下,在不同时间点提取大鼠脑皮质．运用FTIR光谱仪检测不同化学基团的变化。结果随着死亡时间的推移,大鼠脑组织FTIR光谱的主要吸收峰峰位没有明显变化．而其峰强有明显差异：（1）与核酸有关的谱带的相对峰强呈明显下降趋势;（2）酰胺Ⅰ、Ⅱ的峰强比（I1647/I1541）呈下降趋势;（3）1456和1398cm^-1谱带的峰强各自呈下降和上升趋势;（4）2852、2871、2923和2958cm^-1谱带的峰强相对于1647cm^-1而言．呈上升趋势。结论脑组织可以作为FTIR光谱技术分析死亡时间的适用检材。