从正当到合法：作为司法裁判依据的群众感觉

司法作为整个社会系统的一部分，其独立具有相对性，同时，司法过程也非完全封闭，具有开放性。在此语境下，群众感觉由于其自身的合理性使得其作为司法裁判依据有了正当性基础并且符合现实需求。关键在于如何转化，使其披上“合法性”外衣。基于现代司法的基本要求，通过立法和司法实现程序性转化是两种可能的选择。     

基于层析理论的圆截面发光体内部谱线强度相对分布的测量

为了在无损状态下获得圆截面发光体内部谱线强度空间相对分布,提出了利用Abel变换,将被检对象外部的逐层扫描数据通过3次样条函数方法数值求解,从而得到被检对象内部参数分布情况的实验方法。运用该方法对汞发光体的577、405nm和365nm特征谱线进行了测量和计算,结果表明:3条谱线具有相似的分布规律,在靠近发光体中心处发光最强,然后沿径向迅速衰减,当半径r>1.5mm时,发光强度几乎趋于零。汞发光体内部谱线相对强度的这一变化规律主要决定于电极形状。这种研究方法也可以用来测量其他具有球对称或轴对称性发光体或辐射体(如火焰、电弧等)的内部强度相对分布。     

一种改进的红外图像非均匀性校正算法

针对两点多段线性校正法校正因子推导过于简单的缺点,提出一种改进算法。这种算法对增益系数和偏移系数重新进行推导,弥补了两点多段校正法中由于校正因子推导带来结果值偏大的不足,并对算法进行了仿真。     

The discrimination potential of ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, thin layer chromatography, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for the forensic analysis of black and blue ballpoint inks

The knowledge of the discriminating power of analytical techniques used for the differentiation of writing inks can be useful when interpreting results. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectrophotometry, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to examine a population of 21 black and 12 blue ballpoint writing inks. Based on corroborative results of these methods, the discrimination power for UV-VIS, TLC, and FT-IR was determined to be 100% and 98% for the black and blue inks, respectively. Generally, TLC and UV-VIS can be used to differentiate the colorant components (i.e., dyes and some pigments) found in inks. As FT-IR can be utilized to identify some of the noncolorant components, it was determined to be an excellent complementary technique that can be implemented into an analytical scheme for ink analysis.     

建国以来农村生产关系变革回顾与反思

建国以来,我国农村大体经历了四次生产关系变革,分别是土地改革、农业合作化、人民公社化和家庭承包制的确立与完善。通过历史回顾和整体考察,有助于我们总结、发现农村生产关系变革的客观规律,有助于我们进一步科学推进农村生产关系变革。     

Preparation of a Ytterbium‐tagged Gunshot Residue Standard for Quality Control in the Forensic Analysis of GSR

Preparation of a ytterbium‐tagged gunshot residue (GSR) reference standard for scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopic (SEM‐EDS) microanalysis is reported. Two different chemical markers, ytterbium and neodymium, were evaluated by spiking the primers of 38 Special ammunition cartridges (no propellant, no projectile) and discharging them onto 12.7 mm diameter aluminum SEM pin stubs. Following SEM‐EDS microanalysis, the majority of tri‐component particles containing lead, barium, and antimony (PbBaSb) were successfully tagged with the chemical marker. Results demonstrate a primer spiked with 0.75% weight percent of ytterbium nitrate affords PbBaSb particles characteristic of GSR with a ytterbium inclusion efficiency of between 77% and 100%. Reproducibility of the method was verified, and durability of the ytterbium‐tagged tri‐component particles under repeated SEM‐EDS analysis was also tested. The ytterbium‐tagged PbBaSb particles impart synthetic traceability to a GSR reference standard and are suitable for analysis alongside case work samples, as a positive control for quality assurance purposes.     

Characterization of Protein Alterations in Damaged Axons in the Brainstem Following Traumatic Brain Injury Using Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy: A Preliminary Study

Axonal injury contributes greatly to neurological dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI), but current histological diagnostic methods are limited in identifying the pathological profiles of injured axons and unable to provide an objective and accurate quantification. Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) has the ability to offer macromolecular bioinformatics of the tissues including biochemical composition and structure by calculating band absorption intensity. In this study, axonal injury in the brainstem of rats with traumatic brain injury at 72 h post‐trauma, which was confirmed with beta‐amyloid precursor protein (β‐APP) immunostaining, was detected with FTIRM technique. The lower intensity of infrared absorbance under the amide I band corresponds strongly to the area of axonal injury, and further analysis of amide I band shows significant differences in protein conformation between injured and normal axons. The findings indicate that using FTIRM technique, the amide I band has potentials to be a infrared spectral marker of axonal injury.     

Identification of Different Forms of Cocaine and Substances Used in Adulteration Using Near‐infrared Raman Spectroscopy and Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy

Identification of cocaine and subsequent quantification immediately after seizure are problems for the police in developing countries such as Brazil. This work proposes a comparison between the Raman and FT‐IR techniques as methods to identify cocaine, the adulterants used to increase volume, and possible degradation products in samples seized by the police. Near‐infrared Raman spectra (785 nm excitation, 10 sec exposure time) and FT‐IR‐ATR spectra were obtained from different samples of street cocaine and some substances commonly used as adulterants. Freebase powder, hydrochloride powder, and crack rock can be distinguished by both Raman and FT‐IR spectroscopies, revealing differences in their chemical structure. Most of the samples showed characteristic peaks of degradation products such as benzoylecgonine and benzoic acid, and some presented evidence of adulteration with aluminum sulfate and sodium carbonate. Raman spectroscopy is better than FT‐IR for identifying benzoic acid and inorganic adulterants in cocaine.     

Analysis of the First- and Second-Generation Raving Dragon Novelty Bath Salts Containing Methylone and Pentedrone

In recent years, a large number of designer drugs sold as “Bath Salts” have appeared on the market. In July of 2011, Raving Dragon Novelty Bath Salts was obtained over the Internet. This product became unavailable in October of that year coinciding with the DEA issuing a temporarily schedule of mephedrone, methylone, and MDPV. Four months later in February of 2012, a new product was released from the same company under the new name Raving Dragon Voodoo Dust. The contents of both products were identified using spectroscopy methods: nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, UV–visible, tandem mass spectrometry, and high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. It was determined that Raving Dragon Novelty Bath Salts contained methylone. The replacement product Raving Dragon Voodoo Dust contained the unscheduled drug pentedrone. The Raving Dragon brand of products illustrates the rapid change of ingredients in these products to circumvent laws restricting availability, distribution, and use.     

透明材料上的透明附着物证检测

目的提出了一种检测透明材料上附着透明物证的新方法—位相滤波法。方法采用现代光学信息处理技术改变光信号的频谱,使零级频谱与一级频谱干涉。结果实现了由位相到强度的调制,最终检测到透明材料上的透明附着物证。结论该方法是一种无损光学检测法,操作简便,效果好。