合同诈骗犯罪形成的原因及对策

合同诈骗犯罪形成有主客观两方面的原因。主观方面受害者放松警惕 ,管理混乱、制度不严 ,法律意识不强 ,缺乏市场经济知识 ,贪图私利损公利己 ,缺乏责任心是导致犯罪分子得逞的原因 ;客观方面法规不严、存在漏洞 ,打击不力等也助长了犯罪分子的嚣张气焰。对此 ,应采取加强内部管理、提高防范意识、完善法律法规、提高执法人员素质等措施对合同诈骗犯罪予以打击。     

论第三人撤销之诉制度--以对虚假诉讼的规制与案外人救济为出发点

第三人撤销之诉制度的设置目的是规制民事领域里的虚假诉讼现象,为权益受到侵害的案外人提供救济与保障。从法理上看,该制度在我国的确立有其正当性和必要性,引入该制度也是衡量生效裁判稳定与第三人权益救济的结果。但该制度在实践中却存在立法层面、制度自身设置、与其他救济途径的竞合以及与规制虚假诉讼的衔接等方面的问题。本文从价值选择与功能定位、程序顺位与实体基础以及程序设计与制度协调方面提出完善建议,试图为第三人撤销之诉制度的正确实施与功能发挥提供可能的思路。     

Using financial intelligence to target online fraud victimisation: applying a tertiary prevention perspective

Abstract

It is well established that policing in an online environment is fraught with challenges. To combat losses attributed to online fraud, Australia has seen the emergence of a victim-oriented approach, which uses financial intelligence to identify potential victims and deliberately intervenes through the sending of a letter. This approach predominantly targets victims of advance fee fraud and romance fraud who are sending money to West African countries. The current article presents three Australian case studies: Project Sunbird (West Australian Police and West Australian Department of Commerce); Operation Disrepair (South Australian Police); and the National Scams Disruption Project (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission). The article locates these cases within existing theory on crime prevention, using available data to document initial positive outcomes. Overall, this article supports the use of a victim-oriented tertiary approach to online fraud, and advocates its potential to reduce both repeat victimisation and the harm incurred through online fraud.     

Dating hot spot to fraud hot spot: Targeting the social characteristics of romance fraud victims in England and Wales

Research Summary

We found that romance fraud was rising year-on-year across every region in England and Wales, increasing 55% during the 3 years between October 2018 and October 2021. Fifty percent of all the romance fraud victims in the period resided in 17% of the places where romance fraud had occurred. A total of 439 locations (outward postcode areas) were identified as the “power few” in the first year of the data set. Of these 439 locations, 162 of them recurred in both of the following years, becoming chronic “hot spot” locations containing more than one in six of all reported romance fraud victims. The demography of victims in repeat locations differed considerably, but hot spots were more frequently predominantly populated by less affluent populations.

Policy Implications

We conclude that the current national one-size-fits-all fraud prevention approach may not be the most efficient or effective way to reach those victims who most require crime prevention advice. The National Fraud Intelligence Bureau, based in the City of London Police, could adopt a tailored approach to providing preventative information to local police forces based on the year-to-year patterns in crime and the associated intelligence provided by sociodemographic data sources such as Acorn.     

Case study: From embedded system analysis to embedded system based investigator tools

Since mid-2012, France and Germany have had to deal with a new form of payment card skimming. This fraud consists of adding a wireless embedded system into a point-of-sale payment terminal with the fraudulent goal of collecting payment card data and personal identification numbers (PIN).This case study details the strategy adopted to conduct the digital forensic examination of these skimmers. Advanced technologies and analyses were necessary to reveal the skimmed data and provide useful information to investigators for their cross-case analysis.To go further than a typical digital forensic examination, developments based on embedded systems were made to help investigators find compromised payment terminals and identify criminals.Finally, this case study provides possible reactive and proactive new roles for forensic experts in combating payment card fraud.     

论电信诈骗犯罪侦查中的现场取证——兼论电信诈骗犯罪侦查国际警务合作现场取证的要点

电信诈骗犯罪案件侦查中,由于犯罪嫌疑人人数众多、证据形式多样化且多为电子证据,特别是在跨国(境)联合侦查中,法律制度不同,侦查方法、技能、语言不同,现场取证活动往往面临较大困难。电信诈骗犯罪案件侦查的现场取证,首先应做好充分的准备工作,包括详细查明现场情况、加强跨国(境)联合侦查中双方的协商沟通、做好现场取证的物质准备;现场取证过程中,犯罪嫌疑人很可能逃跑或毁灭证据,侦查人员应采取措施控制现场及犯罪嫌疑人,同时,为确保证据的有效性,必须规范实施取证活动。     

电话网络诈骗案件中受害人研究

目的 在电话网络诈骗高发背景下开展对诈骗受害人心理等特征研究,深入了解此类犯罪,为此类犯罪的控制和预防策略制定提供依据。方法 采用案例回顾法对255例网络电信诈骗案件受害人特征进行研究和分析。结果 网络电信诈骗案件受害人中女性占51.6%,男性占48.4%,平均年龄29.75岁,学历分布在各个层次中。根据受害人表现的突出心理特征,分为“突陷困境后主动避难”类,占总数29%;“帮助他人”类案件,占总数23.1%;“期望好运气”类案件,占总数20.4%;“过渡信任网络交易安全”,占总数27.5%等。有40.4%的案件冒用警察等权威职业身份进行犯罪活动。研究证实受害人学历高低与信任和服从权威职业无统计学关系（F=4.627,P=0.201）。“期望好运气”受害人群有年龄差异,青年人更容易受骗。（F=32.4,P〈0.001）。结论 诈骗案件受害人特征与传统认识不同。受骗后存在急性应激心理、利他心理、服从权威、期望好运气等复杂的心理特征表现。     

虚假宣传构成欺诈之认定

将虚假宣传行为认定为欺诈并施以惩罚性赔偿已成为打击虚假宣传行为的重要手段。我国法律并未定义虚假宣传,实务上认为虚假宣传意味着宣传呈现的内容不实,意图使信息接受者产生错误认识。行政处罚是否认定欺诈、争议商品数额的大小、商品品牌知名与否等因素都会影响法院对虚假宣传构成欺诈的认定。综合判例和学说可知,在将虚假宣传认定为欺诈时,应以《最高人民法院关于贯彻执行中华人民共和国民法通则若干问题的意见》第68条为标准;行政处罚决定仅具有证据效力;消费者错误意思表示的认定应采客观性标准;同时应考虑大额商品购买中消费者的谨慎义务;因果关系的判断中应以商品主要功能的虚假宣传与消费者错误意思表示的关联为评价标准;将知名商品的品牌效应纳入经营者欺诈故意和因果关系要件的判断,以综合考虑虚假宣传认定欺诈的各种因素。     

论信用卡诈骗案件的侦查

信用卡诈骗案件的立案应谨慎,严格刑法入罪,对信用卡透支到期不还的行为不能都以犯罪论处,刑法重在打击恶意透支行为。侦查机关应分析犯罪分子作案规律,严密布控,伺机抓获现行,或从涉案信用卡入手挖掘侦查线索。侦查人员应注重现场勘查,从犯罪分子遗留信息如监控录像记录、指纹、通信和住宿登记信息等入手突破案情。还可以通过对POS机商户的业务进行排查,发现可疑线索,集中查处一批信用卡诈骗案件。侦查中,应注意针对行为人的非法占有目的进行证据收集,如伪造的或作废的信用卡、催收记录等。     

Examining the risk reduction strategies of actors in online criminal markets

Research examining offender risk reduction strategies within illicit markets focus primarily on those operating in the real world for drugs and stolen goods. Few have considered the strategies that may be used by individuals in virtual illicit markets that are hidden from public view. This study addresses this gap through a grounded theory analysis of posts from 10 Russian and three English language web forums selling stolen data to engage in identity theft and fraud. The findings indicate that buyers employ multiple strategies to reduce their risk of loss from unreliable vendors, along with resources provided by forum administrators to manage relationships between participants. The implications of this study for law enforcement and offender decision-making research are also discussed.