论老年诈骗犯罪被害人的被害性

老年诈骗犯罪被害案件随着老龄化的发展而大有愈演愈烈之势。犯罪的发生并不是犯罪人单方面意志作用的结果,而是犯罪人与被害人双方互动的产物。这种互动从老年诈骗犯罪被害人的角度看,则表现为其生理上、心理上和经济上的被害性。仔细分析老年诈骗犯罪被害人的被害性,不仅有助于全面准确地把握老年诈骗犯罪被害的原因,而且有助于提出有针对性地预防和处理老年诈骗犯罪被害的对策。     

《刑法》第一百九十八条第四款引发的思考

我国《刑法》第一百九十八条第四款关于保险诈骗共犯的规定,引发刑法理论界诸多争议。文章阐述了对本法条中保险诈骗共犯的理解,非身份者不能成为身份犯罪共犯的观点,以及注意规定与法律拟制的区分、法条竞合的处理原则等相关问题。     

试论单位贷款诈骗行为的处理

对单位贷款诈骗行为认定为合同诈骗罪违反罪刑法定原则;追究单位贷款诈骗行为中的直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员的贷款诈骗罪的刑事责任符合其犯罪构成。     

What explains regional variation in election fraud? Evidence from Russia: a research note

The December 2011 legislative election was among the most fraudulent national elections in Russia since the communist period. The fraud, however, was not evenly spread across the country. Precinct-level election returns from the 83 regions of the Russian Federation suggest that the level of fraud ranged from minimal or small in some regions to extreme in some others, with moderate to high fraud levels in many regions in between. We argue that in an electoral authoritarian context like Russia, regional variation in fraud can be explained by differences in (a) the perceived need by regional authorities to signal loyalty to the center by “delivering” desired election results; (b) the capacity of regional authorities to organize fraud; and (c) the vulnerability of citizens to political pressure and manipulation. We test the effect of signaling, capacity, and vulnerability on electoral fraud in the 2011 legislative elections with data on the 83 regions of the Russian Federation. We find evidence for all three mechanisms, finding that the tenure of governors in office, United Russia's dominance in regional legislatures, and the ethnic composition of regions are most important for explaining regional variation in electoral fraud.     

Getting elections right? Measuring electoral integrity

Holding elections has become a global norm. Unfortunately, the integrity of elections varies strongly, ranging from “free and fair” elections with genuine contestation to “façade” elections marred by manipulation and fraud. Clearly, electoral integrity is a topic of increasing concern. Yet electoral integrity is notoriously difficult to measure, and hence taking stock of the available data is important. This article compares cross-national data sets measuring electoral integrity. The first part evaluates how the different data sets (a) conceptualize electoral integrity, (b) move from concepts to indicators, and (c) move from indicators to data. The second part analyses how different data sets code the same elections, seeking to explain the sources of disagreement about electoral integrity. The sample analysed comprises 746 elections in 95 third and fourth wave regimes from 1974 until 2009. I find that conceptual and measurement choices affect disagreement about election integrity, and also find that elections of lower integrity and post-conflict elections generate higher disagreement about election integrity. The article concludes with a discussion of results and suggestions for future research.     

与B/L有关的国际海事欺诈行为及其防范

B/L是国际贸易中最重要的海运单据之一。在国际贸易实践中,与B/L有关的海事欺诈行为的形式多样,具体有伪造B/L、倒签和预借B/L、以保函换取清洁B/L和无单放货等。引起B/L欺诈的原因包括信用证交易自身的缺陷、B/L管理的疏漏、国际航运因素和其他法律因素等。防范B/L欺诈的主要措施在于完善B/L制度、严格资信调查、严格挑选承运人,严格审单查证、选用合适的贸易术语、重视船舶装卸监督和杜绝预借和倒签B/L等。     

拾卡使用问题研究

最高检的司法解释认为,拾得他人信用卡并在自动柜员机（ATM机）上使用的行为,属于《刑法》第196条“冒用他人信用卡”的情形,应以信用卡诈骗罪来追诉。信用卡诈骗罪属于诈骗罪的一个分支罪名,两者属于特殊法条与一般法条的关系。目前的司法解释过于简单,要根据具体的情况进一步解读,同时,要通过一般条款来弥补追诉上的漏洞。     

大数据时代金融诈骗构罪标准的缺陷与修正

随着互联网技术的发展,大数据时代已然到来。大数据技术在给人们带来生活便利的同时,也引发了新型的金融诈骗犯罪。大数据时代下,金融诈骗犯罪存在着假借金融平台外衣、利用随机数据团组、责任影响因素多元、社会危害组成复杂等特点。当下金融诈骗犯罪唯数额论的单一构罪标准存在着无法全面反映金融诈骗行为的社会危害性、无法应对风险社会下的新型风险、刑法条文内部规定欠体系化等明显缺陷。基于此,对大数据时代下金融诈骗犯罪的构罪标准进行修正、构建金融诈骗犯罪多元化构罪标准迫在眉睫。具体而言,在修正金融诈骗犯罪的构罪标准时,除了数额因素外,还应当关注金融诈骗行为的影响范围,以及加重情节中的其他认定因素。同时,以大数据时代下金融诈骗犯罪构罪标准的修正为切入点,刑法应当对大数据时代新的犯罪形式、态势进行充分的回应,从改变金融刑法的立法范式、注重对涉数据犯罪链的整体打击、提倡"软法"之治与刑法谦抑性的坚守这三方面进行进一步的修正,以达到刑法"惩罚犯罪、保护人民"的目的。     

Online victimization risk and self-protective strategies: developing police-led cyber fraud prevention programs

ABSTRACT

The prevalence and impact of cyber fraud continues to increase exponentially with new and more innovative methods developed by offenders to target and exploit victims for their own financial reward. Traditional crime reaction methods used by police have proved largely ineffective in this context, with offenders typically located outside of the police jurisdiction of their victims. Given this, some police agencies have begun to adopt a victim focused, crime prevention approach to cyber fraud. The current research explores with a sample of two hundred and eighteen potential cyber fraud victims, the relationship between online victimization risk, knowledge and use of crime prevention strategies. The study found those most at risk of cyber fraud victimization despite accurate perceptions of risk and knowledge of self-protective behaviors in the online environment underutilise online prevention strategies. This research has important implications for police agencies who are designing and delivering cyber fraud education. It provides guidance for the development of effective prevention programs based on practical skills development.     

Cybercrime is whose responsibility? A case study of an online behaviour system in crime

Drawing on Sutherland’s theory of behaviour systems in crime, this study investigates social media fraud (SMF) facilitated by botnets to understand the onset and maturation of this new online offending behaviour. We find legitimate actors in the system – Internet of Things manufacturers, online social networks, hosting companies and law enforcement agencies – share a way of life that prioritises private gains and avoids implicit responsibility for security. They arrive at a Nash equilibrium that provides a weak and disorganised social response to crime. SMF providers, on the other hand, are cleverly organised and exploit weaknesses in security, adapting to change and developing working relationship with those who benefit from their activities and share their lenient behaviour towards fraudulent activities. We conclude that the rise in cybercrime is a result of the behaviours of all actors in the system, not just those who offend.