Gating Alleys to Reduce Crime: A Meta-Analysis and Realist Synthesis

Alley gates are designed to limit access to alleys and the crime opportunities they afford. Informed by the acronym EMMIE we sought to: (1) systematically review the evidence on whether alley gates are Effective at reducing crime, (2) identify the causal Mechanisms through which alley gates are expected to work and the conditions that Moderate effectiveness, and (3) collate information on the Implementation and Economic costs of alley gating. The results of our meta-analysis suggest that alley gating is associated with modest but significant reductions in burglary, with little evidence of spatial displacement. We also identified six mechanisms through which alley gates might plausibly reduce crime, and the conditions in which such mechanisms are most likely to be activated.     

Cyberbullying Among Chilean Students and the Protective Effects of Positive School Communities

Cyberbullying is a type of bullying that involves the use of technology to harm other students. Most researchers have examined individual-level characteristics, but the perception of school climate and school characteristics such as type, size, and level of vulnerabilities have not been considered using multilevel methods. Using a sample of 8,237 Chilean seventh graders from 1,322 schools we examined individual- and school-level predictors of cyberbullying perpetration. Cyberbullying perpetration was predicted by prior victimization, interpersonal relationships, and gender. We found an interaction effect between interpersonal relationships and teacher support for victims. Our findings support the notion that school policies and culture can play a vital role in the prevention of cyberbullying, supporting a protective resilience model.     

防治"非典"中适用刑法存在的法律冲突

在防治非典中,对传染病防治法第35条所列行为,医疗保健人员、国家机关工作人员、政府卫生行政部门工作人员的严重玩忽职守行为在适用刑法时所存在的法律冲突,并分别提出解决这些冲突的建议。     

Evidence-Based Approaches to Crime Prevention in Developing Countries

The purpose of this paper is to review the present state of the evidence base on the effectiveness of crime prevention programmes and practices in developing countries and to consider the prospects for its improvement. The paper summarises the findings from a scoping review of the literature and develops some suggestions about how the void it finds might be filled. A key focus is on the quality of the methodology used in the research from which the findings are drawn. Against this background the paper considers the degree to which findings about effectiveness, even where they are derived from high quality research on the impact of a criminal justice intervention, are likely to be generalisable from the location of an experiment or pilot to other settings or countries. Building an evidence based on the effectiveness of crime prevention or crime reduction interventions for developing countries would clearly be a major task. Many kinds of political, social, economic and other forces, which vary from country to country, may mediate the impact of criminal justice interventions. The result may be that what works well in one country may not work at all well elsewhere for all kinds of reasons. The principal challenge in creating an evidence base is to develop inclusion criteria when making cross-country comparisons that strike an appropriate balance between the costs and benefits of greater methodological rigour and generalisation.     

对转型期犯罪预防中警察角色的理性思考

犯罪是一种极其复杂的社会现象,现代警察的产生无疑是与犯罪预防联系在一起的。中国社会目前正处于转型的关键时 期,社会转型对犯罪预防提出了新的挑战。在犯罪预防中,警察的作用既是重要的,又是有限的。仅凭警察自身的力量不可能从根本上 解决犯罪问题,也不可能彻底完成对犯罪的预防。这种角色定位,有助于我们更理智地去分析研究犯罪产生的根源和原因,寻求犯罪 发生的规律,从而采取有效措施以减少和预防犯罪。     

单位负责人与不当会计行为的防范

市场经济中,会计作为一个重要的信息系统和管理工具,以其特殊的功能,调节着社会经济关系,引导着市场要素的流动,优化资源的配置,经营者越来越多地依靠会计信息进行管理,反映其经营成果,但作为负责会计信息真实性和完整性的单位负责人如何更好地促进本单位会计的会计工作的开展,如何更好地防范违法和不法会计行为的问题,在当今会计信息越来越失真的今天,其重要意义是任何一个单位都不可忽视的重大问题,本文论证了单位负责人如何确保会计信息和会计资料的真实和完整性,进一步阐述了单位负责人加强本单位会计工作,防范会计信息失真的一些基本问题。     

软条款信用证浅析及风险防范

信用证主要分为不可撤销和可撤销信用证两大类。然而实践中却产生了另一类UCP5 0 0所无法调整的信用证 ,即软条款信用证。软条款信用证有两个特点 :(一 )受益人议付货款时 ,除提供贸易合同规定的单据外 ,还须提供信用证加列条款的结汇单据 ;(二 )某些结汇单据是受益人 /卖方无法通过自己履约行为来获得 ,其有效性也受到买方 /开证申请人或第三方行为意志的制约。对信用证软条款的处理应以预防为主 ,并时刻注意运用合同与相关法律的规定保护自己的合法权益。     

经济全球化与犯罪国际化及有效防治

经济全球化浪潮席卷着世界的每一个角落 ,它不仅给我们带来经济和社会发展的契机 ,也使中国的犯罪日益呈现出国际化特点 ,跨境、跨国犯罪逐渐增多并且类型复杂 ,严重危害改革开放大业。面对严峻的跨境跨国犯罪形势 ,本文探索了中国跨境跨国犯罪的类型及共性特征 ,并根据中国国情和国际经验 ,从加强国际法制建设和刑事司法合作方面 ,提出了相应的法律和司法防治对策。     

恐怖主义犯罪的惩治与防范：现状、问题与应对

恐怖活动和恐怖主义犯罪的存在和蔓延,严重威胁国际和平与安全。目前尚存诸多削弱惩治与防范恐怖主义犯罪的因素。国际社会应致力于制定一部统一的反国际恐怖主义犯罪的公约,以加强国家间的合作,发挥超国家机构的作用,并完善国内相关立法。     

信用证欺诈例外原则及其新发展

随着国际商贸活动的日益发展,信用证欺诈例外原则逐步确立和发展,并在防止信用证欺诈方面发挥了重要的作用。应该看到,作为信用证流通过程中所出现的欺诈例外原则在适用的过程中,由于其自身所具有的国际性,必然要考虑到世界范围内的统一性的问题。因此,在处理欺诈例外的案件过程中,我国应当不断借鉴国外行之有效的方法,密切关注国际商会的有关立场和动态,使我国的做法尽快与国际通行惯例接轨。