从必要“扣除”的角度审视中国现阶段的按劳分配

经典涵义的按劳分配以单一的生产资料社会主义公有制在经济上的直接实现——必要“扣除”为前提，它不过是生产资料社会主义公有制在经济上的间接实现。社会主义市场经济条件下，所有制结构的多元化以及公有制实现形式的多样化，使得必要“扣除”由分配的前提转变为分配本身，即按公有生产要素分配。现阶段，作为社会主义公有制“背面”的按劳分配，在国民收入的初次分配中，只能以按生产要素分配的方式直接和间接的实现，并在国民收入的再分配领域尽显分配的社会主义性质。     

关于高校学生评教权问题争论的法理视角

如何看待当前高校的学生评教，人们争论颇多。实际上，问题和分歧的实质并不在于学生是否拥有评教权及如何行使评教权，而在于高校内部利益分配机制是否应该由学生评教而改变，学生在高校利益分配机制中是否有表达的权利、影响的效力。因此，必须从法学分析的范式讨论当前高校的学生评教，对问题才可能有一个正确的认识。     

香港打击侵犯版权罪行概论

香港特别行政区有关版权的法律依据主要源自香港法例第528章《版权条例》。新的《版权条例》于1997年订立,过去数年,随着时代的变迁,科技发展一日千里,侵犯版权的形式愈见层出不穷,加上社会各界对保障知识产权的意识日渐提高,香港特区政府当局曾多次修订条例的涵盖范围、若干罪行的定义,以及相关的罚则。修例的目的,不但是要平衡版权拥有人、社会大众及版权作品业务使用者的利益,亦须履行香港特别行政区在遵从世界贸易组织《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》的规定方面的国际责任。这些法例修订工作也表明了香港特区政府打击侵权罪行的决心,并一再彰显其对保障知识产权工作的高度重视。     

论农民专业合作社的盈余分配制度——兼评我国《农民专业合作社法》相关规定

农民专业合作社作为一类特殊的商事主体，在盈余分配制度上存在着不同于普通营利性企业的特点。合作社盈余在性质上属于向社员“多收”或“少付”的款项，需遵循合理的分配顺序。同时，可分配盈余需遵循这样的分配原则：依据社员与合作社交易额（量）进行分配和资本报酬有限。合作社从盈余中提取的公共积累能否分割是合作社盈余分配制度中又一个重要内容。公共积累应否分割应分层考虑、区别对待。在合作社存续期间社员资格终止时以及合作社终止时，公共积累应否分割宜采取不同的做法。总之，我国《农民专业合作社法》的相关规定需要进一步完善。     

实行地价年租制的法律思考

住宅产业已成为我国经济新的增长点 ,为国民经济的发展做出了巨大的贡献。然而 ,居高不下的房价让购房者望房兴叹。实行房屋所有权与土地使用权两权分离 ,推广地价年租制 ,在法律上可行 ,在实践中具有可操作性 ,对国家、开发商、购房者均有益 ,具有十分重要的现实意义     

论我国生产者责任延伸制度的完善

生产者责任延伸制度是废弃物管理的重要制度之一,它将生产者对其产品所负的责任延伸到产品生命周期后的废弃物处置阶段。环境成本的内部化、企业的社会责任和环境权理论,是这一制度的理论基础。生产者责任延伸制度的功能,在于促进循环经济的实现,提高产品的综合控制水平,加强对个人环境权益的保护。为了完善这一制度,必须对其基本环节进行合理的设计,建立健全的相关保障制度。     

警察权力滥用的原因分析及其控制

为了维护社会治安秩序,打击犯罪,保护人民的生命财产安全及其他合法权益,警察权有其存在的必然性。但是,作为国家权力的组成部分,警察权具有强制性、扩张性及自由裁量性的特点,再加上立法的粗陋,相关机制的不健全以及体制上的原因,使其极易被滥用,导致权力寻租现象层出不穷。     

GHB free acid: I. Solution formation studies and spectroscopic characterization by 1HNMR and FT-IR

In forensic evidence, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has frequently been encountered in one of its salt forms (gamma-hydroxybutyrate), but has also been encountered in its free acid form (GHB). Owing to the physical properties, encounters of the free acid have been largely restricted to forensic exhibits comprising aqueous solutions, such as acidic beverages that have been "spiked" or formulated with GHB salts or gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). The analysis of GHB free acid presents particular difficulties including the potential for altering the original proportions of GHB free acid, GHB carboxylate, and GBL in the course of analysis, and discrimination between GHB free acid and carboxylate forms. In this work, the formation of GHB free acid in aqueous solutions (water and/or D2O) was studied as a function of solution pH. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) measurements were obtained on freshly prepared mixtures of NaGHB and HCl stock solutions representing a series of points along the GHB titration curve. Both 1HNMR and FT-IR were shown to track the changing proportions of GHB free acid and carboxylate forms as a function of pH, while simultaneously monitoring for the formation of the lactone (GBL). The results were consistent with acid-base conversion behavior for a carboxylic acid. 1HNMR was shown to provide an ideal means for analysis of aqueous-based GHB/GBL forensic exhibits based on simple dilution of the neat liquid exhibit, without altering the original proportions of GHB free acid, carboxylate, and GBL in the samples.     

Lead-free primer residues: a qualitative characterization of Winchester WinClean, Remington/UMC LeadLess, Federal BallistiClean, and Speer Lawman CleanFire handgun ammunition

The elemental composition and postfiring residues of several "lead-free" or "nontoxic" centerfire handgun ammunition types currently available to the general public were examined. Offerings from Winchester, Remington/UMC, Federal and Speer were obtained from retail sources in both .45 ACP and 9 mm when possible. A total of 112 postfiring residue samples (SEM pins) were collected at varying distances from the muzzle, at two distances from target and from the shooter's hands. An additional 20 samples were collected by direct ignition of primers. Qualitative determinations were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/electron dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis. All types tested contained aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Most contain traces of sulfur and calcium. Winchester WinClean and Remington LeadLess contained potassium as the principle ingredient. Federal BallistClean contained barium, while Speer Lawman CleanFire contained strontium. In the main, these compared favorably with manufacturers' MSDS publications and patents granted. The characterizations undertaken here will be of use to the forensic electron microscopist as these formulations gain popularity.     

The Legal Profession in the european Union – a Comparative Analysis of Four Member States

Cross-border legal practice has finally become reality in Europe mainly thanks to two factors: the legal framework offered to EC lawyers by the EC legislator and the effect of globalization on legal profession. This article focuses primarily on the success of EC/EU efforts in abolishing obstacles to the free movement of lawyers. Particular attention is drawn to the Establishment Directive, adopted in 1998, opening up new perspectives for lawyers. Secondly, it discusses how globalization has contributed to this development. In relation to the above, this article also explores the new concept of establishment stemming from the expansion of law firms in Europe. Thirdly and mainly, it considers the national positions and the difficulties in harmonizing the legal professions throughout Europe. The examples of four Member States: the UK, France, Germany and Italy demonstrate how much they differ from each other as far as the needs, expectations and rules governing the legal profession. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.