应用PCR检测成年鸭体内鸭瘟强毒的分布

鸭瘟病毒 (DPV)强毒经人工接种和同居感染 10 0日龄鸭后 ,应用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)检测病毒在鸭体内各组织器官的动态分布。试验结果表明 ,DPV强毒经肌肉注射进入鸭体后 6h可在肝、脾、血液和粪便中检测到DPVDNA ;DPV强毒经肌肉注射到鸭体后各受检样品被检测到DPVDNA的先后顺序为 :肝、脾、血液和直肠粪便 (6h)→肺、脑和腿肌 (12h)→肾和胸肌 (2 4h) ;同居鸭于混群后 4 8h在肝、肺、血液和直肠粪便中检出DPVDNA ;DPV强毒经同居感染鸭后各受检样品检测到DPVDNA的先后顺序为 :肝、肺、血液和直肠粪便 (48h)→脾和脑 (72h)→胸肌和腿肌 (96h)→肾 (12 0h)。     

近年国内东南亚经济研究论文的分布与特点

我国东南亚经济研究的论文,以作为国内连续出版物之一的定期学术期刊为主要载体。这类论文是国内东南亚经济研究领域最新科研成果的及时反映和系统记录,它涉及到广泛的研究课题,容纳了不同的学术观点。本文分析了1996—2000年国内东南亚经济研究论文的分布与特点。     

Karl Marx and the economics of communism: anniversary recollections

This paper grew out of the author's Karl Marx studies and his practical knowledge of Soviet-type communist economies. It covers a broad spectrum of ideas and practices prevalent in those economies, which— rightly or wrongly—have become associated with Marx's teaching and predictions. Chapter I tries to explain the reasons for Marx's continuous popularity. Chapter II critically examines the validity of the claim about Marxian socialism being “scientific” as opposed to “utopian”. The article, especially in chapter III elaborates on a number of other Marxian ideas, like that of the so-called “anarchy of the market”, which for many decades exerted a negative influence on his followers—theoreticians and practitioners engaged in building what they believed to be a communist economy and society. One of the quintessential features of Marx's teaching, which he took over from Smith and Ricardo, was the labor theory of value and the “law of value” in particular. The latter, interpreted by Stalin as “the law of value under socialism”, was used by him for ideological and propaganda purposes, but after his death has in turn been utilized by Marxists, non-Marxists and anti-Marxists to discredit the Stalinist economic system, and to advance propositions ranking from profound, relevant and commendable to vague and frivolous. Tracing in Chapter IV the peripetia of this “law” provides a deeper insight into both the essential weaknesses of the Marxian theory and the acute dilemmas of the Soviet-type economies.     

分配关系的法律调整论纲

分配关系不仅是一种特定时空条件下的财产和利益在不同社会主体之间的分取与占有关系的直观表现 ,更是依存于特定社会制度的法律权力和权利在相关主体之间不同配置结果的集中反映。分配规则的正当性、分配过程的秩序性和分配结果的公平性等价值目标的实现 ,离不开法律的确认、维护与矫正功能的发挥。其中 ,分配权在国家、企业与居民之间的合理配置与行使 ,则是法律调整分配关系的作用机制和路径选择。我国社会分配公正目标的实现有赖于以分配权为核心的分配制度的不断改革与完善     

Constancy and change in the U.S. age distribution of crime: A test of the “invariance hypothesis”

The recent controversy over the age relationship with criminal behavior can be traced to Hirschi and Gottfredson's (Am. J. Sociol. 89, 552–584, 1983) failure to define invariance. In this paper, I distinguish two types of invariance—parametric andmathematical form— that explains both the pattern of stability claimed by Hirschi and Gottfredson and the pattern of variability observed in more recent research. I then directly test for each type of invariance using age-specific arrest data for index offenses in the United States from 1952 to 1987. The results are largely consistent with recent research showing variability in the characteristics (i.e., parameters) of the age distribution of crime, but at the same time, the results provide evidence for a persistent, underlying mathematical form to the age distribution of crime, regardless of year or offense type.     

浅析居民收入差距对我国经济发展的影响

随着经济的高速发展,我国居民收入水平普遍提高,但收入分配不均的程度也在日益加剧。我国城乡之间、行业之间、区域之间、城镇（或农村）内部的收入差距都不断扩大。收入差距扩大必将阻碍经济发展,必须采取有力措施,缩小收入差距,促进经济持续稳定发展。     

我国收入分配制度体系的逐渐完善：理论研究与实践探索

改革开放以来,我国的收入分配制度发生了很大的变化,分配制度的变迁实际上就是一个不断探索效率与公平关系的过程。“效率优先”一定程度上有效地促进了经济发展和生产效率的提高,但也带来收入分配差距的迅速扩大,并成为影响社会稳定和经济增长的焦点问题,从而导致分配正义凸现。反思改革以来收入分配制度变迁的过程,从效率公平的权衡到公平正义的诉求,将有助于深化分配制度改革,加快体制机制创新,推动社会的和谐发展。     

享有优先权的船员工资请求在船舶拍卖款中的受偿——由一起确权诉讼案件引发的几点思考

基于一起确权诉讼案件,分析船舶优先权的范畴,指出在船舶挂靠经营下,船员工资请求的基础法律关系是雇佣合同,但挂靠的个人和被挂靠的公司对船员工资承担连带责任,该工资请求仍享有船舶优先权;未持有相应证书而上船工作的人,其享有的报酬请求权与船员工资无异,应赋予其船舶优先权;当船舶拍卖款不足以偿付债务时,容易诱发以船员工资为内容的虚假确权诉讼,司法机关应发挥主观能动性,一方面保障处于弱势地位的船员利益,另一方面也要排除虚假诉讼的干扰,保护其他债权人的正当利益。     

我国矿产资源利益分配制度刍议

改革开放以来,中国经济发展取得了举世瞩目的成就,然而在"增长的奇迹"背后却是资源耗竭和环境污染。从宏观层面而论,这是我国长期以来实行粗放型经济增长方式的负面结果,但同时需要认识到,它与我国矿产资源利益分配制度的缺陷有直接关系。现行矿产资源利益分配制度导致了一种不合理的利益格局,各个利益相关者之间存在着"权责不一致、分配不合理、成本外部化"等问题。为构建社会主义和谐社会,实现可持续发展,建立"产权清晰、税费明确、分配合理、补偿到位"的矿产资源利益分配制度势在必行。     

Free Will,Punishment, and the Burden of Proof

Justifying state punishment presents a difficulty for those who deny that human actions are free in the sense required by moral responsibility. The argument I make in this article, following work done by Double, Vilhauer, and Sehon, is that those who believe that human beings do sometimes act freely face exactly the same difficulty, for no current account of freedom has the sort of evidentiary support that condemning a person to punishment requires; no current account could meet even the most minimal burden of proof. Recourse to purely preventive methods, such as are proposed for a system of quarantine of dangerous individuals, seems undesirable because of the absence of limits under such a system, limits like the requirements of proportionality and guilt. That same objection holds as well against proposals of non-retributive punishment. The adoption of a system of punishment, understood retributively or non-retributively, does not preclude the state even in theory from also adopting a system of preventive measures. The answer that I suggest is a system of limited deprivations of freedom justified in much the way the doctrine of takings is justified, along with the specific exclusion of purely preventive methods for competent individuals.