A study of dispersion of gunshot residue from a frequently used Serbian ammunition cal. 7.65 mm to support selected aspects of casework in North Macedonia

The subject of this research was the inorganic gunshot residue component collected from shooting patterns obtained on woven cotton cloth using a Pietro Beretta model 70 pistol, cal. 7.65 mm and Serbian ammunition for the following muzzle-to-target distances: 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 cm. For each distance, three rounds of shooting were performed. Particles were lifted within a 10 cm radius of the projectile entrance and automatically analyzed using a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersion X-ray spectrometry. The obtained data on the populations of particles were analyzed taking into account their numbers, chemical classes and sizes. The results showed an apparent maximum incidence within all particles containing barium at about 50 cm distance. Also, lead particles revealed a distinct behaviour, being dominant at a 25 cm distance, falling below the other chemical classes, and finally becoming dominant again at 125 cm. The analysis of the frequency of occurrence of particles sorted according to their sizes confirmed that the small particle population is the largest, and their distribution in function of the equivalent circle diameter is exponential-like. The obtained results provided knowledge on the distribution of particles in the vicinity of the tested firearm and ammunition cal. 7.65 mm which generally corroborates with similarly studied GSR distributions obtained for the use of pistols cal. 9 mm. This information, together with the examinations of gunshot damages and other types of residues such as soot or unburned propellant grains may support qualitative inferences on shooting distance estimation, especially in cases, when the firearm and cartridges are not available to perform test shooting. In such cases even roughly estimated shooting distance can be helpful, e.g. for confirming or excluding the possibility of self-inflicted injuries or suicide and infer on the mutual position of the shooting stage actors. An example of casework that illustrates intermediate shooting distance estimation is presented.     

论信息网络传播权的刑法保护——以知识产权犯罪司法解释为切入点

根据我国著作权立法中复制发行权和信息网络传播权的构成,可以认定,“复制发行”与“信息网络传播”行为必然是互不包容的两类行为,两高的司法解释将“信息网络传播”行为视为著作权罪中的“复制发行”行为,属于类推解释。类推解释使罪刑法定原则在刑法司法解释领域的贯彻面临困境,刑法司法解释应避免类推制度借类推解释还魂的现象。     

吗啡染毒大鼠死后体内吗啡的分布研究

作者采用免疫组织化学（PAP）法观察慢性吗啡染毒大鼠死后，在不同时间尸体内吗啡公布的变化。发现随着死后时间的延长，吗啡在大鼠CNS的分布无明显改变；其它内脏器官组织中吗啡分布则有明显改变；内脏脂肪组织原未查见吗啡，随死后时间延长，吗啡含量增加．证实大鼠染毒死后尸体内吗啡存在重分布现象。初步讨论了死后体内吗啡分布的变化与死后时间的关系，为吸毒致死后尸检取材提供依据。     

农村住房所有权及宅基地使用权转让的理论思考

农村住房所有人依法有权转让其住房。作为完整的用益物权，宅基地使用权也包括处分权能，但含义不同于所有权中的处分权能。住房所有权与宅基地所有权或使用权转让有同类型；折中主义下的转让，也有不同情形。在我国部分地区可以进行农村住房所有权与宅基地使用权合一自由转让的试点工作。我国历史上有农村住房所有权与宅基地使用权的转让，现实中也大量存在。     

上海自由贸易试验区对我国涉外经济法制转型的影响

上海自贸区正式获准成立,这是中国法治转型中的重大创新。上海自贸区内通过临时性的授权调整,逐步推进行政审批体制改革,实行准入前国民待遇和"负面清单"管理模式,以此推进政府职能转变;在投资领域努力扩大服务业的投资开放、促进外商投资准入制的转轨、构筑对外投资服务促进法律体系;在贸易领域积极推动贸易结构的转型升级、提升国际航运服务能级;在金融领域应加快金融制度创新,增强金融服务能力,实现"在岸金融"与"离岸金融"的互动;并在争议解决机制构建方面也进行了卓有成效的探索。     

The changing face of protests in the digital age: on occupying cyberspace and Distributed-Denial-of-Services (DDoS) attacks

On 7th January 2013 the Anonymous hacking collective launched a White House petition asking the Obama administration to recognize DDoS¹1. Distributed Denial of Service attacks, thereafter referred to as DDoS attacks as a valid form of protest, similar to the Occupy protests. The ‘Occupy’ movement against financial inequality has become an international protest phenomenon stirring up the debate on the legal responses to acts of civil disobedience. At the same time, online attacks in the form of DDoS are considered by many as the digital counterparts of protesting. While the law generally acknowledges a certain level of protection for protesting as a manifestation of the rights to free speech and free assembly, it is still unclear whether DDoS attacks could qualify as free speech. This paper examines the analogies between offline protests and DDoS attacks, discusses legal responses in both cases and seeks to explore the scope for free speech protection.     

公共政策的价值目标与公正原则

公共政策的价值目标在于捍卫和促进社会公正 ,社会公正的完整内涵包括四个层次 :即 ( 1)公民基本权利的平均主义分配 ,( 2 )经济活动收益的效率主义分配 ,( 3)社会底线需求的平均主义分配 ,以及 ( 4)促进社会和谐的综合回应分配。其中 ,第一层次优先于其他三个层次 ,第四层次是对前三个层次的有效补充。     

论民事诉讼中自由证明的构建

自由证明作为与严格证明相对立的一种证明模式,体现了根据不同待证事实的特性采用不同证明方式的诉讼分流理念及价值,并已在较多国家得到广泛确立和适用。而我国目前的民事诉讼证明制度中尚未确立这一证明模式,理论界更是未对其引起足够的重视和研究,这就极大地限制了我国民事诉讼中证明制度的体系化和多元化构建。如何在我国民事诉讼的证明制度中合理构建自由证明制度,使其在证明待证事实中发挥自身应有的优势,逐步实现我国民事诉讼证明制度的体系化和多元化构建,从而为法院合理有效地认定待证事实提供一个更为高效、公正的制度环境是值得研究和探讨的问题。     

基于风险控制的职业健康和安全管制权力配置研究

职业健康和安全管制本质上属于社会性管制的范畴,其管制过程受到经济市场个体理性与政治市场制度选择的双重影响,这两个要素之间也存在着相互影响、相互制约的关系。权力配置作为外生性制度环境的要素基础,对内生性的经济市场理性具有调节作用,并决定着管制风险的发生概率和管制均衡的实现程度。论文从风险控制与效率优化的角度分析了职业健康和安全管制权力配置的边界、形态及其对权力协作、管制均衡所产生的影响。论文以此为分析框架,分析了不同时期中国职业健康和安全管制的权力配置形态、效率状况及风险控制等问题。论文认为,中国职业健康和安全管制的权力配置应实现由多元分散式协调管理模式向一元单向式综合管理模式的转变。     

International communication: shifting paradigms,theories and foci of interest

Abstract

This article aims to be a stock-taking exercise of the development of paradigms and foci of interest, in attempts to theorise the vast developments and far-reaching changes as well as the impact and effects of global communication in the world of today. Attention is firstly given to the current nature, impact and implications of global communication in the first decade of the 21^st century, as well as to a shift in emphases in the (sub)discipline of international communication. A critical overview is then given of discourses on the free flow of information, modernisation theory, dependency theory, the structural theory of imperialism, world system theory, hegemony, political economy, critical theory, the public sphere, cultural studies, the information society and globalisation. Since many of these paradigms have been borrowed or taken over from media studies, international relations or other (sub)disciplines, attention is given specifically to their application in theorising international communication. The article concludes with a critical overview of the current ‘state of the art’ with regard to the body of theory in international communication.