Fate and Behavior of Gunshot Residue—A Review

A review of the literature concerning the fate and behavior of gunshot residue (GSR) is presented. A number of concomitant parameters including firearm and ammunition type, plume and GSR material characteristics, travel distances, chemical composition and GSR morphology are critically discussed in relation to their effects on the distribution and deposition, transfer and persistence processes of GSR. The underlying mechanisms associated with such processes are also considered. Knowledge of these processes on GSR materials could provide valuable information concerning scene preservation and subsequent forensic sampling. The number of GSR particles deposited can vary significantly with each firearm discharge, highlighting the potential to produce distinctive data in each individual case. With the continual development and compositional changes of new ammunition types, further evaluation of the effect these processes may have on GSR evidence and their possible influence on the interpretation of the analytical results should be given due consideration.     

玻璃雨飞溅高度及分布的实验研究

目的研究平板玻璃打碎后玻璃雨的飞溅高度及空间分布,从而为玻璃物证提取和现场分析提供依据。方法应用自制的实验装置,模拟嫌疑人手持硬物击碎窗户玻璃,收集窗户下地面上和打击者处飞溅的玻璃微粒,对颗粒大小、散布区域进行统计分析,并与通过动力学计算得出的分布进行比较。结果在距离窗户0.5m处,玻璃颗粒的飞溅高度可高于玻璃上相应来源点的高度;较小颗粒有较大的飞溅范围。结论玻璃雨颗粒大小分布和空间分布规律对于嫌疑人身上、头部玻璃物证的提取以及案件的现场分析有十分重要的意义。     

论食品安全监管的制度创新

我国《食品安全法》在食品安全监管方面有若干制度创新,目前监管合作比监管分工更具挑战性与艰巨性,因而应废除各类商品免检制度。政府官员的问责机制不能取代国家对受害消费者的赔偿责任。食品安全监管部门应树立发展与规范并重、公平与效率兼顾、监管与服务相统一、监管与维权的理念。     

构建劳动与资本的和谐关系

劳资关系的和谐是构建和谐社会的基本要素,要实现全社会效率跃迁的规则体系需要劳动与资本关系的和谐。构建和谐的劳资关系要形成劳动者能力的平等,要优化资本与劳动的比率,通过调整收入分配格局改变劳动与资本收益不平衡状态。     

甲氰菊酯在家兔体内的死后分布研究

目的建立甲氰菊酯家兔灌胃染毒致死模型和生物检材中甲氰菊酯的气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用检测方法,研究甲氰菊酯在家兔体内的死后分布规律。方法家兔6只,甲氰菊酯经口灌胃染毒,死亡后迅速解剖,取心血、外周血、肝等组织,气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用法检测甲氰菊酯含量;部分组织经甲醛固定,HE染色,光镜观察其病理改变。结果家兔染毒后2～3h出现中毒表现,染毒后4.5～8h死亡。气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用法均检测到甲氰菊酯。甲氰菊酯在家兔体内死后分布为胃壁（458.92±32.82）μg/g、肾（46.47±6.30）μg/g、肝（35.79±20.11）μg/g、大脑（28.77±10.52）μg/g、心（26.49±4.10）μg/g、脾（22.23±5.37）μg/g、胆汁（10.87±1.42）μg/mL、肺（10.32±0.78）μg/g、周围血（8.14±1.12）μg/mL和心血（8.20±1.83）μg/mL。结论甲氰菊酯的灌胃染毒致死模型、气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用检测方法及死后分布规律可应用于甲氰菊酯中毒死亡案件的法医学鉴定及法医毒物动力学研究。     

芬太尼中毒死亡大白兔体内分布研究

目的建立芬太尼中毒致死的动物模型,探讨芬太尼在致死大白兔体内的分布规律。方法用6只雄性大白兔按5.4mg/kg(2LD50)经耳缘静脉推注芬太尼注射液,大白兔死后迅速解剖并提取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、肌肉、睾丸、胃、心血、周围血、胆汁和尿液,用正己烷∶乙醇(20∶1)萃取,利用UPLC-MSn法检测各组织和体液中芬太尼含量,使用SPSS15.0进行方差分析,均数两两比较的SNK法进行统计分析。检验水准为α=0.05。结果实验大白兔给药后1min出现颈项强直、四肢抽搐等中毒症状,平均4.7min因呼吸抑制而死亡。死后肺内芬太尼含量最高,其次是肾和心,而尿液中含量较低。结论本实验的结果与相关案例报道基本吻合,提示肺、肾和心脏是芬太尼中毒案件鉴定的理想检材,芬太尼在致死大白兔体内的分布规律可为相关案件的鉴定提供一定的依据。     

论传统司法对量刑规范化的启示——以刑事被告与被害人的关系为视角

当前,量刑规范化的试点工作已在全国推开。科学确定各种常见量刑情节及其对基准刑的调节幅度,为最高法院补充、完善各种量刑情节的适用提供参考,是法学理论界和司法实务部门的重要责任。本文以刑事被告与被害人的关系为视角,从中国传统司法的成功经验中,梳理出三大原则,即亲属伦理原则、责任分配原则、补偿原则,发现其对合情合理合法地处理各类刑事案件,实现量刑公正,树立司法公信力,有着重要的指导意义,是祖先留给我们的遗产和智慧。对之进行创造性转化,于当代司法的进一步完善,必大有裨益。     

Motivations for local resistance in international peacebuilding

This article discusses the complex motivations underlying local resistance to externally led post-war peacebuilding programmes. In examining the land distribution process in post-war Cambodia it proposes a five-part typology of motivations for the resistance that frequently appears in the context of international post-conflict peacebuilding processes. The article also argues that a single campaign of resistance is likely to involve multiple actors with multiple motivations.     

The development of capitalism in the Atlantic world: England,the Americas,and West Africa, 1450–1900

Abstract

The paper traces the development of capitalism in England, the Americas, and West Africa over a long time period, 1450–1900. The developments in these major regions of the Atlantic Basin during the period were strongly interconnected and ultimately gave rise to the nineteenth-century Atlantic economy which integrated the major economies of the Atlantic world. The development of capitalism in the three specified geographical areas is analyzed in the context of the interconnected developments. Central to the historical analysis is a discussion of the contending conceptions of capitalism as a socioeconomic system. The paper shows that the original conception by Karl Marx, which identified free wage earners separated from their means of production and entrepreneurs who own those means of production as the defining elements, was generally accepted by supporters and critics for several decades; attempts to redefine began in the 1960s. The paper contends that, unlike the original Marxian conception, the new conceptions fail to capture precisely and accurately the dynamic elements which distinguish capitalism unambiguously from other forms of socioeconomic organization and do not facilitate a sharply focused historical investigation of its development over time. The employment of enslaved Africans in large-scale commodity production in the Americas was critical to the development of capitalism in England and in the Americas, but the adverse effects on West Africa’s economies held back the development of markets and the market economy and, ultimately, the development of capitalism in the region.     

河南高等法学教育分析

依据法学教育资源配置现状调查资料,通过对河南省高等法学教育的全方位分析,探讨了河南省高等法学教育存在的问题,并从教育资源配置角度,提出了改革对策与设想,为河南省法学教育改革从理论与实践结合上进行了有益的探索。