Ethno-racial identity (politics) by law: “Fraud” and “choice”

Following an introduction to the changes in how ethno-racial identity is conceptualized in the social sciences and humanities by the destabilization of categorical frameworks, the author looks at how law reacts to these discussions and paradigm shifts, and argues that legal and administrative approaches face severe linguistic and conceptual limitations by operating within a “choice” and “fraud” binary. The article then questions if the free choice of identity exists as a principle of international minority protection law, a legal field that arguably represents a global political and ethical consensus. The author makes two claims. First, according to the basic tenet of legal logic, a proper right to free choice of identity allowing people to opt out of racial, ethnic, or national (minority) communities would necessitate the freedom to opt in to the majority or to any chosen group. The second claim, however, is that international law would not actually construct an approach to opting in. Thus, the right to free choice of identity is not an autonomous, sui generis right under international law.     

遗嘱解释的三个问题

遗嘱解释以探求遗嘱人内心的主观意思为目的 ,遗嘱生效的形式要求与遗嘱解释活动相区分 ,从而一方面满足了遗嘱是要式法律行为的要求 ,另一方面也达到了遗嘱解释的目的。遗嘱解释的方法包括文义解释、整体解释、目的解释、历史解释、习惯解释、诚信解释等。补充遗嘱漏洞的常见方法是类推补充与法律推定补充。     

Responsibility Determination: Free Will and Legal Responsibility in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

Free will is the foundation of determination of responsibility. Genetic enginnering represented by technologies of gene editing, artificial medical devices and AI have fundamentally challenged the concept of free will and so have significantly influenced determination of legal responsibility. These challenges are fundamental, not instrumental, and can be divided into two aspects in legal philosophy. First, the direct challenge, that is, the emerging technology represented by genetic engineering and artificial narrow intelligence (ANI) has challenged the concept of free will. Second the would-be ultimate challenge, that is, presented by an artificial general intelligence (AGI) agent that is considered to reach humanlevel free will, can be a legal subject, thus taking full legal responsibility. The direct challenge constitutes a new “forgiveness” condition for taking responsibility. The would-be ultimate challenge deserves significant attention, because the concept of free will is not only about human responsibility, but also about human dignity.     

过错与抗辩：以名誉权侵权为重点

不法性不应作为一般侵权行为的构成要件,而应由过错要件吸收。过错本质上为主观范畴,但其衡量标准可以客观化。言论自由与名誉权同属宪法规定的基本权,法律应慎重处理二者冲突的情形。名誉权侵权中应区分不同的行为人主体和被报道对象而作具体分析。其中,过错具有独特含义:就故意而言,应指言论发表人对该言论的虚假性明知或对其真假完全的漠不关心;就过失而言,应指言论发表人未尽一般理性人的注意义务。行为人享有除真实性抗辩外的多种无过错抗辩。     

论刑法中危害行为的有意性特征

刑法中危害行为的概念应舍弃意思要素,是近年来部分学者提出的一种颇有影响的观点。本文对该观点所依据的几点理由进行了分析,认为有意性仍然是刑法中危害行为的必然要素,并将刑法中危害行为的有意性与作为犯罪构成主观要件的故意与过失区别开来,认为危害行为的有意性是指行为人对其行为本身所持有的心理态度,而作为犯罪构成主观要件的故意与过失是指行为人对其行为引起的危害结果所持有的心理态度,二者在内容、性质、功能以及法律后果等四方面存有显著的区别。此外,本文还对二者在司法实践中的表现形式进行了归纳分类。     

单位犯罪主观构成及其认定

单位犯罪是单位为谋取自身利益,在单位整体意志支配下,通过单位成员的职务活动而实施的否定法秩序的行为.它与自然人犯罪、共同犯罪和有组织犯罪等有诸多不同,单位犯罪的行为动机为谋利,其意志体现出整体性,其主观罪过形式表现为故意或过失.     

论刑事诉讼证明标准--兼及一则典型个案之解析

我国刑事诉讼证明标准理论上存在客观真实与法律真实之争,二者都是在认识论角度论证,因此应引入价值论分析方法.国外存在客观的"排除合理怀疑"和主观的"内心确信"的证明标准,二者相互依存,相互渗透.在具体界定我国"证据确实充分"的证明标准时,应当根据所要证明的罪行轻重,适用不同的证明标准.     

户籍制度的历史回溯与改革前瞻

建国后我国的户籍制度经历了建国初期短暂的自由迁移、195 8年开始的严格限制户口自由迁移特别是限制农民向城市迁移以及改革开放后户籍制度的逐步改革主要是小城镇户籍制度改革三个时期。沿用近半个世纪的城乡分割的二元户籍制度逐步形成了我国特有的二元社会结构。户籍制度改革的重点尚局限于小城镇范围 ,这有其认识上的严重误区。户籍制度改革是政治体制改革的重要内容 ,是尊重和保障人权的重要措施。实行全体公民的居住和迁徙自由 ,是我国户籍制度改革的终极目标。     

1945年美英贸易谈判和GATT的起源

1945年美英围绕战后国际贸易体制问题展开了一场外交攻防战,出于世界领导权、商业利益及对苏战略的需要,美国放弃了多边自由贸易纲领,转而采取多边谈判程序的安排,形成了美国构筑战后国际贸易体制的政策目标和方法,为多边贸易谈判体制———GATT的产生铺平了道路。     

近代西方的民主政治论析

自由、民土、人权 ,这三个概念是历史的和具体的。其中 ,自由主要是作为哲学范畴出现的 ,民主和人权主要是作为政治范畴出现的。政权在民、民主共和与契约思想 ,是西方古代的民主思想 ;在近代西方反对封建专制主义的斗争中 ,资产阶级高举自由旗帜 ,宣扬天赋人权 ,提出了资产阶级的民主和人权思想 ,并最终建立了资本主义的民主制度 ,总的倾向是阶级调和、福利主义和参与主义 ,不对政治现象作阶级的或社会的分析 ,抹杀资本主义民主、人权与社会主义的民主、人权的本质区别。