电子商务中间件技术的应用

电子商务是网络经济时代崭新的商务活动形式。由于网络应用的更新 ,促使电子商务向着多层次、跨平台的分布式体系不断迈进。中间件 (Middleware)技术一种基于标准、支持分布式应用、独立于计算机硬件及操作系统的开发和运行环境 ,将对电子商务的发展起到较大的推动作用。     

当代中国侦查学基础理论研究思考

当代中国侦查学“基础理论”问题必然产生,其目的在于追求侦查学理论的“科学化”。建构“科学”的侦查学理论,首先,要把握好“侦查学科学研究关系”和“侦查业务实践关系”这两对抽象关系的区别与联系,明确研究对象;其次,要在一般社会科学研究方法的指导下,形成自己的独特研究方法。侦查“科学”理论包含了定义和特征、原理和规律以及宏观控制方法等部分,具有事实学的意义。该理论既是侦查学学科的基础理论,同时还可以成为刑事诉讼法学研究的事实学基础的重要组成部分。     

公民权利抑或个人权利——宪法文本中的个人与公民概念分析

基本权利的主体有个人、公民、法人、组织集体之分,基本权利的最主要主体是个人,这是宪法思想史和宪法性文件所昭示的。中国宪法规定公民作为基本权利主体,个人只是义务主体。这样使得基本权利主体范围减少,在理论上与中国宪法规定的人权原理相悖。其原因有理论上的误区,也有翻译的误导。建议把中国宪法文本中的“公民的基本权利和义务”改为“基本权利”或者“人和公民的基本权利”,其具体内容则重新以“个人”基本权利为主进行规范,使得宪法规范中的基本权利条款与人权规范的本质特点相一致。     

A quantitative method for estimation of volume changes in arachnoid foveae with age

Age-related changes of arachnoid foveae have been described, but objective, quantitative analyses are lacking. A new quantitative method is presented for estimation of change in total volume of arachnoid foveae with age. The pilot sample consisted of nine skulls from the Palmer Anatomy Laboratory. Arachnoid foveae were filled with sand, which was extracted using a vacuum pump. Mass was determined with an analytical balance and converted to volume. A reliability analysis was performed using intraclass correlation coefficients. The method was found to be highly reliable (intraobserver ICC = 0.9935, interobserver ICC = 0.9878). The relationship between total volume and age was then examined in a sample of 63 males of accurately known age from the Hamann-Todd collection. Linear regression analysis revealed no statistically significant relationship between total volume and age, or foveae frequency and age (alpha = 0.05). Development of arachnoid foveae may be influenced by health factors, which could limit its usefulness in aging.     

浅谈对少量字的检验

少量字的检验是目前文件检验的一项主要内容 ,因其字数少 ,犯罪嫌疑人的书写习惯体现不充分 ,检验起来有一定难度。本文对两例无伪装的典型少量字的检验进行了类比分析 ,以期探求少量字检验的科学方法 ,为案件侦破提供可靠的科学依据。     

基本权利的双重性质

在德国的宪法理论中,基本权利被认为具有“主观权利”与“客观法”的双重性质。除了作为个人权利的性质外,基本权利被认为是德国基本法所确立的“客观价值秩序”,是对国家权力产生直接约束力的法律。这一理论构成了对基本权利的宪法解释的基本框架,在此基础上,德国建构了一套严密的基本权利保障体系。这一理论对中国宪法的基本权利问题具有借鉴意义。     

结社自由的基本权利属性定位

结社自由在基本权利体系中属于自由权范畴,并与其他基本自由权、政治权利、经济社会和文化权利在属性和内容上存在一定的交叉与竞合,因而结社自由具有复合属性之特点。从法律文本以及宪法理论考察,结社自由是一种独立的自由权类型,而非全然为表达自由或政治权利所吸收。厘清结社自由的权利属性定位,对于结社自由的实现、尤其是非政治性结社行为的保障,以及对于结社自由限制措施的合宪性审查和其他相关基本权利之法律救济均具有重要而积极的意义。     

Exploring the non-absolute nature of the right to data protection

In two recent judgements, the Court of Justice of the European Union stated that ‘The right to the protection of personal data is not, however, an absolute right, but must be considered in relation to its function in society’ (Eifert, para 48). This paper considers the ‘non-absolute’ nature of the right to data protection. Being a relatively new right, the boundaries of this right in the Charter are still somewhat unexplored. This paper considers five aspects that can be seen as setting boundaries to the otherwise absolute nature of the right to data protection: (a) consideration of the function of the right to data protection in society; (b) positive delimitations of the right that come from the formulation of the right (Article 8) in the Charter; (c) limitations on the right provided for in Article 52 of the Charter; (d) close connections with Article 7 of the Charter and Article 8 ECHR; and (e) the detailed provisions in current data protection secondary legislation and the future data protection regulation framework. Based on the reflections on each of these boundary-setting aspects, the paper argues that in spite of occasional vagueness and conflicting approaches of each of the aspects, understanding of the right to data protection has evolved since its first formulation in the Charter. There is a subtle and gradual distancing from the initial understanding of the close relationship with the right to private and family life. This gradual distancing is a positive development as the two have different foundations, scope and purposes. Yet it is only when both are taken together that the shared common objective of providing effective protection to citizens' personal and family life can be achieved.     

被伐树木整体分离痕迹检验中特殊特征和固有特征的运用

被伐树木形成的整体分离痕迹有其独特性,反映出特有的规律。本文介绍了在盗伐林木案件中,运用整体分离痕迹检验原理、方法,检验被伐树木分离面、分离缘的形态,检验其凸凹断茬特征、虫眼特征、裂纹特征、空心特征等特殊特征以及节子特征、年轮特征、木射线特征、树皮纹理特征等固有特征。特别是在两对应的锯断面之间木质完全缺失情况下,综合运用上述特征有针对性地检验,解决了部分被伐树木整体分离痕迹检验中分离痕迹能否作为同一认定证据、分离体是否原为同一整体的问题。文中所述对被伐树木上的特殊特征和固有特征的研究和运用,拓宽了被伐树木整体分离痕迹检验中特征标记的范围,为丰富被伐树木整体分离痕迹的检验方法提供了参考。     

通信权的宪法释义与审查框架--兼与杜强强、王锴、秦小建教授商榷

在"法院调取通话记录""交警查手机"等实践争议引导下,学者们借助基本权利限制的"保护范围—限制—限制的合宪性论证"的审查框架,推进了通信权的宪法释义。但将通话记录排除出通信权的保护范围,并不能有效解决实践难题,且因为过早窄化保护范围而会影响基本权利的保护效果。诉诸隐私权或者个人信息权的方案亦难以成立。应认识到《宪法》第40条存在因制宪者预见不足而产生的宪法漏洞。如果将"检查通信"理解为"示例性规定",则《宪法》第40条容有对通信权限制的其他可能性。在"通信内容"和"非内容的通信信息"分层构造下,可以建立起既能回应生活事实和实践争议,又能落实宪法严格保护目标的教义学体系和审查框架。基本权利个论的研究,有助于反思基本权利保护范围的"宽界定"或"窄界定",以及法律保留体系的普适性等基本权利总论问题。