部分权利能力制度的构建

局限于19世纪的哲学认识,权利能力仅被赋予自然人和法人,其他人和组织形态的权利能力被忽略。因而,当迫切需要法律对这些人和组织予以调整时,传统权利能力的规定成为不可逾越的体系障碍,必须通过法律续造的方法构建部分权利能力制度。事实上,民法关于权利能力制度的构造以及立法上的一些规定已经为部分权利能力的构建提供了坚实的理论基础和立法例支撑。部分权利能力是在部分而非全部的民事法律关系中作为民事权利享有者和义务承担者的能力,它通过考察自然人和法人以外的人和组织的人格状态和特定法律关系的价值和目的来认定。部分权利能力是一个开放的概念,它不但包括胎儿、死者与合伙的部分权利能力,还包括其他一些人和组织的部分权利能力。     

Gendered Responses to Serious Strain: The Argument for a General Strain Theory of Deviance

This paper expands and builds on newer avenues in research on gender and general strain theory (GST). I accomplish this by focusing on serious strains that are relevant for males and females, including externalizing and internalizing forms of negative emotions, and including multiple gendered deviant outcomes. Using the Add Health dataset, I find strong support for the impact of serious strains on both types of negative emotions and different forms of deviance for males and females. However, the experience of serious strain, emotionally and behaviorally, is gendered. Depressive symptoms are particularly important for all types of deviance by females. Including multiple types of deviant outcomes offers a fuller understanding of both similarities and differences by gender. These results support the utility of GST as a theory of deviance in general and support greater connections between GST, feminist theorizing, and the sociology of mental health.     

行政综合执法机制改革研究

受传统行政管理体制的影响,我国行政执法部门林立、职责不清,形成了多头执法与执法缺位,人数众多与人手缺乏所并存的奇怪格局。作为实践中的解决之道,综合执法改革日渐兴起,并在全国范围内推广开来。实践中,综合执法改革大致区分为权力配置型、机构调整型和统一执法型三种类型。效率原则、新公共管理论及统一、精简、效能原则可作为其改革的理论基础。但无论是在理论还是实践中,综合执法改革仍需面临着行政法定原则的责难、宪政分权的要求以及"相对集中"制度限制。通过分析观察,必需坚持"尊重与戒惧"的制度立场,以警惕可能造成的机构膨胀和权力的过度集中。     

论我国刑罚理论研究中的四个误区——刑罚目的一元论之提出

我国刑罚理论研究中存在四个误区:混淆了刑法目的与刑罚目的;对刑罚目的的含义理解错误;把一般预防当作刑罚目的;把报应当作刑罚目的。通过对这四个误区的厘清,可以得出以下结论:刑法目的与刑罚目的是两个不同的概念;刑罚目的,是指国家通过适用和执行刑罚所期望达到的目标;一般预防是刑法目的,不是刑罚目的;报应是刑罚的本质,不是刑罚目的;刑罚的目的是特殊预防。     

往返流盼：检察机关一般监督权的考证与展望

受革命道路、政体结构、法制传统、诉讼资源等因素影响,检察机关一般监督权在法律发展史中命运跌宕,经历了数百年的枯荣和沉浮。从俄国彼得大帝的初步实践,到苏联的系统运行,强调最高性、全面性、单向性的一般监督权在维护法制统一上有得有失、毁誉参半。当前,包括俄罗斯在内的两大法系主要国家,仍然存续着有限的一般监督权,并在监督方式上呈现出针对性、有效性、双向性的发展趋势。基于法制统一、保障人权等目标,我国可在合宪性监督、劳动教养监督、检察建议权、行政执法监督上明确有限的一般监督权。     

权利外观保护理论及其在我国民法典中的设计

权利外观保护理论产生于近代民法向现代民法转向过程中。现代民法应将其作为一项重要原则来对待,其构成中的共性因素包括事实上之外观、善意、实施交易法律行为,而"本人与因"只宜作为具体规则设计时可酌情考量的个性因素。我国未来民法典应在总则部分规定权利外观保护的一般条款,建议表述为:"第三人合理信赖权利外观而与非真实权利人为法律行为时,其依据该法律行为所取得的权利应当受到保护,但法律另有规定的除外。"该条款适用中应遵循穷尽原则,并关注其配套机制的构建和运用。     

THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF GUIDELINES CIRCUMVENTION: THE CASE OF FEDERAL DISTRICT COURTS*

Recent scholarship on criminal punishments increasingly highlights the importance of courtroom social contexts. Combining recent data from the U.S. Sentencing Commission (FY1997–2000) with aggregate data on federal districts, the current study examines interdistrict variations in the application of downward departures from the federal sentencing guidelines. Findings indicate that substantial variation exists in the probability of both prosecutor‐initiated substantial assistance departures and judge‐initiated downward departures. This variation is accounted for, in part, by organizational court contexts, such as caseload pressures, and by environmental considerations, such as the racial composition of the district. Additional evidence suggests that individual trial penalties and race disparities are conditioned by aggregate court contexts. Drawing on interviews with federal justice personnel, this article concludes with a discussion of future directions for research on federal guidelines departures. Part of the glory of the federal system…is that you've got this one big organization, but it can be molded to different needs…
‐ An assistant U.S. attorney ‐     

试论法律英语词汇教学中的文化导入

语言和文化是相互依存的,对法律英语词汇意义的确定受文化因素的影响,脱离文化背景进行词义确定往往会造成错误理解甚至无法理解.因此,在法律英语词汇教学中应重视文化的导入,尤其是法律文化的导入;并注意导入形式的生动活泼.如融戏剧表演于教学活动是理想选择之一.     

Testing for Potential Contextual Bias Effects During the Verification Stage of the ACE‐V Methodology when Conducting Fingerprint Comparisons*

Abstract: This study was conducted to assess if fingerprint specialists could be influenced by extraneous contextual information during a verification process. Participants were separated into three groups: a control group (no contextual information was given), a low bias group (minimal contextual information was given in the form of a report prompting conclusions), and a high bias group (an internationally recognized fingerprint expert provided conclusions and case information to deceive this group into believing that it was his case and conclusions). A similar experiment was later conducted with laypersons. The results showed that fingerprint experts were influenced by contextual information during fingerprint comparisons, but not towards making errors. Instead, fingerprint experts under the biasing conditions provided significantly fewer definitive and erroneous conclusions than the control group. In contrast, the novice participants were more influenced by the bias conditions and did tend to make incorrect judgments, especially when prompted towards an incorrect response by the bias prompt.     

论不作为侵权及其法律完善

不作为侵权是与作为侵权相对应的一种侵权形式。与作为侵权相比，不作为侵权不但有其独特的价值目标和理论基础，而且有其特殊的构成要件和责任规制要求。不作为侵权与一般性民事救助义务密切相联，其司法适用除依赖明确的法律刚性规定之外，还受制于公序良俗、习惯、诚实信用原则等软性因素的影响。在我国未来的侵权责任法立法中，应在广泛借鉴外国先进立法理念和成熟制度的基础上，结合中国的国情积极引入这一制度。在立法技术上可采取概括加列举的方式对这一制度的适用进行必要限制。