论一般人格理论的摒弃及替代

一般人格理论引入民法学,是在法律对人格权保护严重不周的情况下,出于填补法律漏洞之需的无奈之举,带有临时性和应急性。一般人格理论具有无法克服的缺陷,我国不存在适用一般人格理论的法律环境。一般人格无论是＂权＂还是＂益＂,人格权法均不应规定,法学理论也没有再保留一般人格概念的必要。在侵权责任法和人格权法进行专门立法背景下,真正在理论上具有意义的是从归类角度对人格利益展开典型性分析。     

Individual Differences and Political Contexts –The Role of Personality Traits and Direct Democracy in Explaining Political Protest

Building on a growing literature concerned with the link between psychological dispositions and political protest behavior, we argue that this relationship is not universal, but rather depends on contextual factors. Political context factors are able to alter the meaning and understanding of participatory repertoires. This, in turn, leads to differential effects of personality on participation. We argue that direct democracy constitutes such a political context that can act as moderating factor with regard to protest participation. In order to test this interaction between person and situation empirically, we conduct a subnational comparative analysis of the Swiss cantons. Hierarchical regression models reveal that the personality traits openness to experience and extraversion affect protest behavior directly. Most importantly, however, the link between openness to experience and protest participation is significantly moderated by direct democracy. This provides evidence for variance in the situational expression of personality traits.     

监狱传统政策目的之检讨——当代监禁思想的理论反思

监狱是人类社会文明的镜子,它既是文明产生的标志,也反映着社会最丑陋的现象。长期以来,监狱承载着一般预防和特殊预防的政策目的,但不断上升的犯罪率和监狱的人满为患促使社会开始反思：监狱能够在多大程度上落实刑事政策目的;监狱面临的现实困境;如何面对、认识和运用监禁刑等等。本文在对监狱所遭受质疑进行全面分析的基础上,对监狱的传统政策目的进行了反思。     

Contextualizing sentencing disparities: using conjunctive analysis of case configurations to identify patterns of variability

Using national data from felony cases processed in state courts (n = 48,006), the current study investigates the nature and magnitude of contextual variability associated with sentencing outcomes. Multivariate models are first estimated to identify the main effects of various offender and offense variables on sentencing decisions. Conjunctive analysis is then used to evaluate the contextual variability of each of these main effects across all observed combinations of offender and offense attributes. Separate analyses are also conducted among states with and without mandatory sentencing guidelines to explore whether these guidelines reduce this variability across different contexts. Findings from this study and its comparative methods are discussed in terms of implications for future research on criminal sentencing and assessing the contextual variability of the main effects of particular legal and extralegal factors.     

论合同生效要件之证明责任分配

民法教义学中,合同履行请求权至少应包括合同生效要件。其中,合同的特别生效要件由原告承担证明责任,学说及实践中已无异议;合同的＂一般生效要件＂,并无＂符合＂与否的问题,而只有＂违反＂如何的问题。私法自治原则要求,证明责任分配在参与民法外部体系的构建时,将合同效力要件规定为＂效力阻却要件＂,交由被告承担证明责任,所以,应对《证据规定》第5条规定之＂生效要件＂作目的性限缩。此种以证明责任为解释目标的进路,表明证明责任分配也是法规范之关联脉络的一种,解释论亦应以证明责任分配为解释目标。     

Portfolio Allocation and Policy Compromises: How and Why the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats Formed a Coalition Government

The question of ‘who gets what?’ is one of the most interesting issues in coalition politics. Research on portfolio allocation has thus far produced some clear‐cut empirical findings: coalition parties receive ministerial posts in close proportion to the number of parliamentary seats they win. This article poses two simple questions: Why did the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats agree to form a coalition government and, secondly, did the process of portfolio allocation in the United Kingdom in 2010 reflect standard patterns of cabinet composition in modern democracies? In order to answer these questions, a content analysis of election manifestos is applied in this article in order to estimate the policy positions of the parties represented in the House of Commons. The results show that a coalition between the Tories and Lib Dems was indeed the optimal solution in the British coalition game in 2010. When applying the portfolio allocation model, it turns out that the Conservatives fulfilled the criteria of a ‘strong party’, implying that the Tories occupied the key position in the coalition game. On account of this pivotal role, they were ultimately able to capture the most important ministries in the new coalition government.     

英国法下海盗行为及海盗赎金的评析与最新发展

在向海盗支付大笔赎金后,被海盗劫持的船舶、货物和船员通常会得到释放。支付赎金似乎成为当前解决海盗劫持最不得已却最有效的手段。因此,有关海盗赎金的法律性质也就日渐成为国际社会,特别是船东、货主和保险人关注的焦点。作为一个航运法律强国,英国显然在认定海盗行为和海盗赎金的法律性质上走在了海运国家的前列。因此,了解英国保险法下对海盗行为及海盗赎金的认定对于中国航运法律与实务大有裨益。根据英国上诉法院在2011年初对the“Masefield v．Amlin”案的二审判决,对包括海盗赎金的合法性和公共政策,在海盗劫持下的财产是否构成全损,以及是否可以将海盗赎金认定为共同海损抑或是施救费用等问题加以分析和阐述。