Science wars—How much risk should soldiers be exposed to in military experimentation?

With the threat of biological war becoming a more and more distinct possibility, there is a growing need for vaccines and cures for diseases. As warfare moves from the battlefield to the laboratory, the military must adapt its tactics in order to preserve national security. At the moment, soldiers consent to the risk associated with combat, but with the changing nature of war, the need may arise for soldiers to put themselves at risk not only through combat, but also through scientific experimentation, in order to produce vaccines or cures and ultimately maintain national security. By allowing soldiers to trade risk on the battlefield with risk in the laboratory, deeper research can be made into diseases and biological agents, and this would therefore lessen the threat of biological war or terrorism.     

Prevention for those who can pay: insurance reimbursement of genetic-based preventive interventions in the liminal state between health and disease

Clinical use of genetic testing to predict adult onset conditions allows individuals to minimize or circumvent disease when preventive medical interventions are available. Recent policy recommendations and changes expand patient access to information about asymptomatic genetic conditions and create mechanisms for expanded insurance coverage for genetic tests. The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) recommends that laboratories provide incidental findings of medically actionable genetic variants after whole genome sequencing. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) established mechanisms to mandate coverage for genetic tests, such as BRCA. The ACA and ACMG, however, do not address insurance coverage for preventive interventions. These policies equate access to testing as access to prevention, without exploring the accessibility and affordability of interventions. In reality, insurance coverage for preventive interventions in asymptomatic adults is variable given the US health insurance system''s focus on treatment. Health disparities will be exacerbated if only privileged segments of society can access preventive interventions, such as prophylactic surgeries, screenings, or medication. To ensure equitable access to interventions, federal or state legislatures should mandate insurance coverage for both predictive genetic testing and recommended follow-up interventions included in a list established by an expert panel or regulatory body.     

贵州黔南地区汉族人群18个STR基因座的遗传多态性

目的调查贵州黔南地区汉族人群D5S818等18个基因座的遗传多态性。方法采用国产DNATyperTM19荧光标记试剂盒,获得1104名黔南地区汉族无关个体18个STR基因座的DNA分型,并应用统计软件计算等位基因的分布频率等群体遗传学数据。结果 18个STR基因座的基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P>0.05),杂合度(H)在0.622~0.915之间,匹配概率(Pm)在0.017~0.220之间,个体识别概率(DP)在0.780~0.983之间,多态信息含量(PIC)在0.540~0.900之间,非父排除概率(PE)值在0.318~0.826之间。结论 18个STR基因座具有遗传多态性,在该地区汉族人群的多态性研究中具有较高的应用价值。     

Mental health expertise at prison reception

Although screening has become an established procedure in prison health care, some difficulties persist. In attempts to improve this, many local adaptations have been introduced, but few have been evaluated. We introduced an adaptation – mental health expertise (a Community Psychiatric Nurse, CPN) – into the reception area of a busy remand prison, and compared standard and enhanced assessment procedures over a six-month period. Referrals (n = 67) were significantly more likely to be suitable for onward caseworking by the clinical team after a CPN was introduced. The team showed little evidence of the ‘mission creep’ (where teams operating at a secondary level absorb mental health problems at a primary care level) that has been described elsewhere in the literature. Despite its limitations, this evaluation suggests that prison pathways can be improved by relatively inexpensive local initiatives, and that advancing specific mental health expertise into prison reception areas can enhance existing processes.     

马立克病肿瘤相关抗原间接ELISA检测方法的建立

用自制并纯化的马立克病肿瘤相关表面抗原(MATSA)免疫SPF级BALB／c小鼠制备阳性对照抗体,以SPF级BALB／c小鼠血清为阴性对照抗体,筛选间接ELISA检测MATSA抗体的最佳反应条件。结果,包被液为0．1 mol／L pH 9．6的碳酸盐缓冲液,抗原包被浓度为4μg／mL,封闭液为含10 g／L BSA的PBST,抗血清稀释比例为1:800,酶标抗体稀释比例为1:1200,酶标抗体作用时间为37℃温育45 min,底物作用时间为37℃温育15 min,终止液为2 mol／L H2SO4,洗涤4次,每次1min为最佳反应条件。将建立的方法应用于MATSA单克隆抗体研制过程中阳性克隆的筛选,成功获得了MATSA的单克隆抗体,表明该优化条件为间接ELISA检测MATSA抗体的最佳反应条件。     

生物遗传资源的知识产权保护

生物遗传资源是生物科学研究的重要基础,是人类生存和经济社会可持续发展战略性物资。近年来,发达国家采取各种手段,不断从发展中国家搜集、掠夺生物遗传资源,并通过对世界遗传资源的控制,进而加速对发展中国家的市场占有和经济掠夺。文章通过我国相关案例解析了生物遗传资源的概念和重大价值,并对其三原则进行了探讨,以期有效地保护我国生物遗传资源。     

4个Y-STR基因座遗传多态性及分子克隆技术制备分型标准物

目的研究Y染色体4个新发现的STR基因座在成都汉族群体中的遗传多态性,寻找适合于法医学应用的Y-STR基因座并用分子克隆法制备其等位基因分型标准物。方法用PCR扩增和非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对105名成都地区汉族无血缘关系男性个体的4个Y-STR基因座进行分型。并通过分子克隆技术制备DYS643基因座的等位基因分型标准物。结果DYS632、DYS634、DYS642和DYS643四个STR基因座均具有Y染色体特异性,在成都汉族群体中等位基因个数分别为2、4、3和5,共检测出31种单倍型;DYS643基因座的等位基因分型标准物可以用于群体研究。结论DYS643基因座及其分子克隆法制备的等位基因分型标准物具有较高的法医学应用价值。     

青海省羊源细粒棘球蚴EG95基因的克隆与序列分析

从青海省羊源细粒棘球蚴中提取基因组DNA ,用EG95特异性引物进行PCR扩增 ,并克隆至 pGEM TEasy载体上 ,经PCR、EcoRⅠ酶切和测序鉴定后 ,用DNAstar软件对 3个克隆的DNA序列进行同源性分析。结果表明 ,EG95基因的 3个序列 (EG95 QH 1、EG95 QH 2和EG95 QH 3)的片段大小为 14 35～ 14 37bp ,与GenBank中的EG95基因同源性为 73.2 %～99.2 % ,差异集中在内含子区域。其中EG95 QH 1、EG95 QH 3与GenBankEG95XJ ag、EG95 4序列的同源性较高 ;EG95 QH 2与GenBank中EG95 1、EG95 2、EG95 3序列的同源性较高。研究结果表明 ,青海羊源细粒棘球蚴EG95基因的 3个序列为EG95基因家族的成员。     

北京汉族人群三个Y染色体STR基因座的遗传多态性研究

目的　获得DYS4 37,A7 1,H4三个Y染色体STR基因座及其单倍型在北京汉族人群中的遗传多态性分布 ,并探讨其法医学应用价值。方法　应用自行建立的Y STR 15 plex复合扩增体系 ,对用酚 /氯仿法提取的 132份北京地区汉族无关男性个体血样DNA样品进行复合扩增 ,用ABI310型遗传分析仪对扩增产物进行检测 ,统计分析 3个Y STR基因座的群体遗传学参数。结果　DYS4 37,A7 1,H4三个Y STR基因座在该群体中分别检出 4 ,5 ,4个等位基因 ,GD值分别为 0 4 977,0 6 731,0 5 42 0 ;观察到 32种单倍型 ,其中 17种单倍型出现 1次 ,最多 1种单倍型出现 2 0次 ,单倍型累积GD值为 0 9118。结论　 3个Y STR基因座具有较强的个体识别能力 ,在法医学个体识别和亲权鉴定中具有很高的应用价值     

广东省猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒主要结构蛋白基因的变异分析

根据GenBank中猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)美洲株(ATCC VR 2332)基因序列分别设计合成了针对PRRSV ORF3、ORF5和ORF6 基因的引物,利用RT PCR从广东省送检的5份病料中均分别扩增得到了大小约787、630 和550 bp的片段,将扩增的cDNA片段克隆入pMD 18 T载体并测序。应用DNAStar软件分析,并与国内外已发表毒株和疫苗株(RespPRRS/Repro、RespPRRS MLV)、LV4.2.1 株的序列进行比较。结果显示,这5 个毒株与CH 1a、HB 1(sh)、BJ 4、ATCC VR 2332、疫苗株等毒株ORF3、ORF5、ORF6 的核苷酸同源性分别为87.2%~98.7%、85.4%~96.8%、91.8%~98.9%,推导的氨基酸同源性分别为84.6%~97.6%、84.5%~95.5%、94.8%~98.9%;而与LV4.2.1株的核苷酸同源性分别为56.1% ~58.3%、54.4%~57.0%、62.2%~64.4%,推导的氨基酸同源性分别为53.9%~56.7%、54.0%~57.0%、78.0%~80.3%。基因系统发育树表明,广东省流行的PRRSV 与HB 1(sh)株的亲缘关系比较近。