The predictive validity of the Depression Hopelessness Suicide screening form for self-harm among prisoners

The Depression Hopelessness Suicide Screening Form (DHS) includes 12 ‘critical items’, which have not been validated for the prospective prediction of self-harm. We conducted a retrospective cohort study (N = 4196) to validate the ability of the DHS critical items to prospectively predict inmates with at least one incident of self-harm during the first six months of imprisonment. While the critical items were highly sensitive (89.5%) at predicting incidents of self-harm, 51.3% of the inmates endorsed at least one item. Five items reflecting more recent and specific risk factors reduced the referral rate to 17.7%, while maintaining high sensitivity (84.2%). While the DHS has high sensitivity to predict inmates at risk of self-harm, treating all items as equally critical results in excessive numbers of false positives that likely exceed the capacity of prison resources for professional assessment and intervention. Referral rules based on recency and specificity of risk factors are proposed.     

17个Y-STR基因座遗传结构及用于姓氏推断的价值

目的调查我国10个姓氏群体Y-STR的遗传结构,探讨其用于鉴定的价值。方法采用AB Y-Filer荧光检测试剂盒,选取我国占人口数量最多的10个姓氏(李、王、张、刘、陈、杨、赵、黄、周、吴),每个姓氏100名汉族男性个体,采用Y-Filer荧光检测试剂盒,检测17个Y-STR基因座的等位基因频率分布和单倍型多样性,计算其遗传距离并比较群体间差异。结果 10个姓氏间单倍型多样性与总的群体单倍型多样性无显著差异,姓氏间与姓氏内的单倍型随机匹配概率差异很小。分析共祖系数Fst以及Reynold’s遗传距离,10个姓氏间任意两个姓氏群体对应17个Y-STR的Fst值均小于0.01。结论中国汉族10个主要姓氏在大的范围内Y-STR不表现出姓氏特异性,不能用Y-STR进行姓氏推断。     

广西区2008-2011年猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒Nsp2基因的遗传变异分析

为了解广西壮族自治区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)流行毒株的遗传变异情况,对2008-2011年间来自广西各地的部分PRRSV阳性病料进行Nsp2基因的扩增和测序分析。结果显示,获得的49个毒株均为美洲型,其中46株具有高致病性变异毒株的序列特征,即其Nsp2蛋白缺失第481位和第533～561位aa,其余3株不具有上述缺失,属于PRRSV传统毒株。广西区49个毒株Nsp2基因间核苷酸序列的同源性介于84.8%～99.7%,与VR-2332、CH-1a、HB-1及JXA1株核苷酸序列的同源性分别为80.5%～83.7%、89.7%～92.6%、92.4%～96.3%、92.8%～99.3%,而与LV株核苷酸序列同源性仅为51.0%～53.9%。基于Nsp2基因核苷酸序列所绘制的遗传进化树,可将所有美洲型PRRSV毒株分为4个亚群,广西区的49个毒株有3株分布在以HB-1株为代表的Ⅲ亚群,46株分布在以JXA1株为代表的Ⅳ亚群。表明,当前广西区PRRSV流行毒株均为美洲型毒株,并且以Ⅳ亚群为优势基因亚群,各毒株间的Nsp2基因序列存在一定的差异,但没有明显的地域特征。     

新城疫病毒Mukteswar毒株反向遗传系统的建立

为了建立新城疫病毒(NDV)Mukteswar毒株的反向遗传操作系统,根据已测定的NDV Muk-teswar毒株的全基因组序列设计了5对引物,扩增出包含全基因组cDNA的5条片段,并按一定顺序依次克隆入pSL1180载体中,然后在cDNA 5′末端插入T7启动子序列,3′末端导入具有自我剪切功能的丁肝病毒核酶序列和T7转录终止信号,构建了能转录具有精确5′和3′末端全基因组cDNA的转录载体pNDVT7。将表达核蛋白、磷酸蛋白及转录大蛋白的辅助表达载体pCIneoNP、pCIneoP和pCIneoL与pNDVT7按一定比例混合共转染BRS-T7细胞,4 d后将细胞悬液接种9日龄SPF鸡胚,结果获得了高效价的重组病毒。表明本研究建立的反向遗传系统能高效、快速拯救重组新城疫病毒毒株。     

A population genetic database of cat breeds developed in coordination with a domestic cat STR multiplex

A simple tandem repeat (STR) PCR-based typing system developed for the genetic individualization of domestic cat samples has been used to generate a population genetic database of domestic cat breeds. A panel of 10 tetranucleotide STR loci and a gender-identifying sequence tagged site (STS) were co-amplified in genomic DNA of 1043 individuals representing 38 cat breeds. The STR panel exhibits relatively high heterozygosity in cat breeds, with an average 10-locus heterozygosity of 0.71, which represents an average of 38 breed-specific heterozygosities for the 10-member panel. When the entire set of breed individuals was analyzed as a single population, a heterozygosity of 0.87 was observed. Heterozygosities obtained for the 10 loci range from 0.72 to 0.96. The power for genetic individualization of domestic cat samples of the multiplex is high, with a probability of match (p(m)) of 6.2E-14, using a conservative θ = 0.05.     

A Partial Test of Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy: Examining the Role of Genetic Risk

A developing line of research indicates that behavioral patterns associated with the typologies identified in Moffitt’s developmental taxonomy may be influenced by genetic factors. Based on these findings, the current study examines whether Moffitt’s etiological explanations of life-course persistent offenders, adolescence-limited offenders, and abstainers have merit after controlling for genetic influences. To do so, a sample of twins drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were examined. The results revealed that genetic influences significantly predicted entry into each of the typologies identified by Moffitt even after controlling for theoretically relevant factors. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.     

广州非洲籍人群15个STR基因座多态性分析

目的调查居住在广州的非洲籍人群的15个STR基因座多态性。方法应用Sinofiler TM荧光标记检测系统对122个无关个体样本进行分型检测,使用Powerstats V12、Genopop 3.4、Mega 3.4等软件进行统计计算与群体间遗传距离比较。结果居住在广州的非洲籍人群15个STR基因座的累积个体识别率为1-5.80147×10-18、累积非父排除率为1-8.6019×10-8,居住在广州的非洲籍人群与广州汉族人群遗传距离最远,与巴哈马群岛非裔混合群体间的遗传距离最近。结论该系统可满足广州地区非洲籍人群个体识别与亲权鉴定的需要,同时与广州汉族人群存在的较大统计学差异,在进行人群区分时具有重要意义。     

基于DNA预测人类可见外表特征的综述

本文介绍了基于DNA预测人类可见外表特征的法医学动机及筛选预测性DNA标记的科学挑战,讨论了目前认为很有应用前景的研究结果,比如现在科学水平只能达到通过高度关联的DNA标记准确预测性别、红色头发颜色、蓝色和棕色虹膜颜色。同时也讨论了现在看来不太有前景的应用,比如成年人的身高、人类面部特征等,为我国法医工作者今后进行相关研究提供一些参考。     

基因隐私权的民法保护

以传统隐私权保护为基点的现行立法与司法,无法完成现代隐私权,特别是个人信息隐私权所强调和要求的保护架构.在权利配置上,无法实现对传统隐私权按照个人信息处理程序的不同阶段进行权利增设与重置.在保护机制上,无法通过司法能动主义建立个人信息隐私权,特别是基因隐私权所要求的公共监督框架.因此,在后基因组时代,应当坚持以个人信息法作为个人信息(包括基因信息)保护的基本制度框架,在个人信息法的范围内,对作为高度敏感个人信息的基因信息予以特别处理.     

Effects of genetic and environmental explanations of psychopathy and gender on perceptions of criminal behaviors

Genetic/biological evidence is increasingly introduced into courtrooms but findings regarding its impact are mixed. This study integrates research on psychopathy and the use of genetic evidence in legal contexts by considering how information on genetic causal accounts of psychopathy affect perceptions of culpability, recidivism, amenability to treatment, and sentencing severity. Perpetrator gender was examined as a moderator. Two-hundred thirty-eight undergraduates read a hypothetical violent crime vignette and mock expert testimony regarding psychopathy. The testimony included a diagnosis only, or a diagnosis plus genetic or environmental explanations of the etiology of psychopathy. Results indicated that a genetic account of psychopathy was not clearly perceived as aggravating or mitigating such that participants were more lenient in their perceptions of culpability yet more punitive in their sentencing recommendations when perpetrators were described to have genetically-caused psychopathy. An environmental account of psychopathy was mitigating but only for sentencing severity. In addition, although participants were more lenient in sentencing male and female perpetrators when provided with an environmental cause of psychopathy, participants judged male perpetrators most harshly when provided with a genetic cause of psychopathy. Implications of the relations between etiology and gender in legal decision-making are discussed.