论遗传资源获取与来源披露对专利授权的影响

随着生物技术的迅猛发展,遗传资源的价值越来越突显出来。在我国最新修改的《专利法》中对遗传资源的保护作了规定,但是存在一些值得商榷的地方。将遗传资源获取与来源披露同专利授权联系在一起,作为专利授权的条件,在理论和实践上都有不合理之处。在我国遗传资源保护的专门立法尚未出台,国际公约和其他国家立法不够完善,且存在很大分歧的情况下,我国应该在专利法中规定将遗传资源来源披露作为专利取得的独立形式要件;将遗传资源作为生物技术研发必不可少的物质技术条件,规定遗传资源提供者与生物技术开发者之间的利益分享,使遗传资源的保护与专利制度得到最好的衔接。     

犬细小病毒病基因工程疫苗的研究进展

从犬细小病毒病亚单位疫苗、表位疫苗、核酸疫苗、活载体疫苗等方面,论述了近年来国内外在犬细小病毒病新型疫苗研究方面的新进展,并对各种新型疫苗的优缺点及应用前景进行了讨论,为犬细小病毒病新型疫苗的研制提供理论基础。提出各种犬细小病毒病基因工程疫苗互有优劣,可以通过技术手段采用不同种类的新型疫苗的交叉组合、免疫原的集成使用等研制出更理想、更有效的疫苗。     

2007-2011年广东省猪圆环病毒2型分离株的遗传变异分析

为了解广东省2007-2011年猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)流行毒株的遗传变异情况,采用PCR方法对本实验室分离到的49株PCV2分离株进行全基因组克隆和序列分析。所分离的毒株全长分别为2株1 766bp、45株1 767bp、2株1 768bp。通过序列比对进行遗传变异分析,无论是这49株病毒间还是与GenBank中的8株PCV2基因组间的核苷酸同源性均为93.2%～99.9%;在遗传演化关系上,49株分离株分布于2个大群,分别为PCV2b和PCV2d分支。提示目前疫苗毒株不处于广东地区PCV2流行毒株分支中,应该引起高度的重视。     

A potentially catastrophic outcome from a false-positive urinary drug screen immunoassay

Background: Urinary drug screens are routinely administered for patients returning from leave from forensic psychiatric wards, and are required to be negative for patients to continue to use their allocated leave. Case: A 35-year-old woman took leave from her low-secure psychiatric unit. On return, her urine screened positively for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). She strongly denied she had taken it; however, all her leave was cancelled. Her clinical state greatly deteriorated, and she attempted to hang herself the following day. After stabilisation of the patient and continued denial of taking MDMA, the urine was sent for toxicology analysis. In the weeks that followed, she started self-harming and deteriorated to the point of needing electroconvulsive therapy. The toxicological report came back as a false-positive due to recently started Mebeverine. Conclusion: Clinicians must be mindful that urinary drug screens are not diagnostic, but also that not being believed can be devastating, especially for long-stay forensic inpatients.     

Inaccurate Conception: ACB v Thomson Medical

This note considers the decision of the Singapore Court of Appeal in ACB v Thomson Medical in which the plaintiff sought damages for the upkeep costs of a child conceived using sperm from someone other than her husband as a result of negligence by a fertility clinic. The Court held that upkeep costs could not be recovered as a matter of public policy, but recognised a new head of loss, namely damages for loss of genetic affinity. In a controversial ruling, the Court quantified these damages at thirty per cent of the upkeep costs of the child. While holding that punitive damages could be recovered outside the categories recognised in Rookes v Barnard, the Court rejected such an award on the facts of the case.     

混合斑的研究进展

混合斑组成复杂,长期以来是法医物证研究的难题之一。混合斑主要分为两类:一是性侵害案件中大量女性阴道上皮细胞混合少量精子;二是普通来源的生物检材之间的混合,如血-血、唾液-血液混合等。近些年来,对混合斑的研究日渐深入,技术层面或理论分析都更加客观和多元化。针对第一类混合斑,出现了荧光/磁性激活、显微操纵、声波差异分离法等分离精子的新技术;第二类混合斑是研究的难点,近年来大规模平行测序、液滴微流控技术、乳液PCR(e PCR)、全基因组扩增等技术的出现,提高了次要成分的检出机率。此外,遗传标记也有相应的发展,传统遗传标记常染色体STR、Y-STR、SNP等检测位点越来越丰富,新兴遗传标记DIP、DIP-STR、SNPSTR、mt DNA-SNP、微单倍型等在混合斑研究中发挥的作用初步显露出来。文章最后涉及混合斑分析理论和计算软件的最新发展。     

Improving the quality of drug court clinical screening: a call for performance measurement policy reform

Despite the widespread use of the drug court model, standardized performance measures for drug courts are not uniformly utilized, and rarely include process measures. To ensure that drug courts are being implemented in the most effective manner, the use of performance measurement tools should be considered for wide scale adoption. Drug court effectiveness is moderated by participant characteristics, and is most effective for individuals with the highest substance use needs. Therefore, having quality clinical screening processes is crucial to ensuring that drug courts are serving the population for which they are effective. This paper examines clinical screening in drug courts, to answer the following 1) what is the current state of screening, 2) what works, and 3) why measurement matters. It also proposes a clinical screening performance measure to improve fidelity and ensure appropriate participant enrollment. The creation of a performance measure would create opportunities to improve drug court outcomes, and leverage pay-for-performance models.     

QUESTIONS ABOUT FAMILY COURT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT

Increasingly, family courts are seeking ways to focus limited resources on cases that require the most intervention, tailor court responses and dispute methods to each case, and account for the real differences among domestic violence cases. One of the means to that end may be the triaging or screening of cases. This article raises a number of questions about screening and urges that they be addressed by courts and communities that are considering whether and how to design a screening protocol. Issues include: How should we define domestic violence for the purposes of screening? Who should carry out the screening? How can we maximize the likelihood that we will fully assess the context of the violence in each case? How should we assess the risks or dangers inherent in the parties’ situation? How should a screening effort account for changing circumstances as a case proceeds through the courts? How can information gathered in a screening effort improperly impact subsequent decisions of the court?     

中国5个汉族群体PentaD和PentaE基因座的遗传多态性

目的研究PentaD、PentaE基因座在中国广西、湖南、河南、四川、台湾汉族5个群体遗传多态性,比较它们之间的遗传学差异。方法用ProwerPlex(?)16 System荧光标记试剂盒(Promega公司)检测其多态性。结果PentaD、PentaE基因座在5个群体共646名无关个体中分别检出10、19个等位基因,PentaD在湖南汉族首次检出等位基因19。PentaE在河南汉族首次检出等位基因7。PentaD和PentaE在各群体的期望杂合度分别为0.7746～0.8047和0.9005-0.9219,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.7710～0.8025和0.8969-0.9176,个体识别率为0.9223-0.9341和0.9471-0.9782,非父排除率(PE)为0.5435-0.6325和0.6785-0.8465。结论PentaD、PentaE是高度多态性STR基因座,在法医学中有重要应用价值。