允执两端 求中致和：英国法律文化的二元平衡精神

大凡历史悠久的文明古国,都有自己别具特色的法律文化。英国法律文化的鲜明特色是允执两端、求中致和的二元平衡精神。它体现在英国的法律结构、法律渊源、审判模式、审判主体以及法官和律师队伍的构成、警察制度建设等各个层面上。二元平衡精神符合客观事物发展规律和自然辩证法,值得认真研究和借鉴。     

我国中小企业成本管理探析

在当今激烈的市场竞争环境中,成本的降低是增加利润的有效方法之一,降低成本已成为企业发展首先要解决的重要问题。一个企业要想在庞大的市场中站稳脚跟、寻求发展,就必须适应市场经济的要求,让企业低投入、高产出。为推动中小企业的成本管理,必须从成本入手,并针对中小企业成本管理存在的问题,提出降低成本的可行途径。     

应用微视野仪对眼底损伤者进行视敏度的评估

目的探讨眼底损伤者的微视野检测指标与视敏度的相关性,及微视野仪评估视功能的应用价值。方法应用MP-1型微视野仪,对100名眼底损伤者进行视网膜光敏感度、固视稳定性检查,获得黄斑中心2°视网膜平均光敏感度、全视野视网膜平均光敏感度、固视中心2°固视率、固视中心4°固视率等微视野检测指标数值,将其与视敏度进行Spearman相关分析及多元回归分析。结果黄斑中心2°视网膜平均光敏感度、全视野视网膜平均光敏感度、固视中心2°和4°固视率与视敏度均呈正相关,其相关系数分别为0.676、0.693、0.670、0.665（p〈0.05）。散点图显示各微视野指标与视敏度间具有直线相关趋势,由此得出多元线性回归方程为：Y=2.543＋0.043×X2＋0.017×X4（X2全视野视网膜平均光敏感度,X4固视中心4°固视率）。结论微视野检测指标与视敏度之间有良好的正相关性,具有法医学应用价值。     

浅议传统书法的精神归宿

中国传统艺术保持经久不衰的根本原因是其民族性,它内在体现着对民族哲学精神的理解和价值。本文探讨了儒、释、道三家社会意识形态对中国传统书法发展的影响。     

“女子”——“小人”辨——谈孔子的妇女观

对孔子的“唯小人与女子为难养,近之则不孙,远之则怨”的一般理解是:孔子把女性与小人相提并论,是看不起女性。其实,这是一种误解。事实上,“唯小人与女子为难养”中的“小人”和“女人”是指“男中小人”和“女中小人”,“小”和“女”都不是性别评价,而是道德评价。     

中庸修养观对现代德育的启示

传统文化中的修身思想是现代人完善自身修养时不可忽略的资源.中国传统文化的主流是儒家文化,而儒家文化的核心是中庸之道.中庸之道追求一种不偏不倚、恰到好处的处世原则和思维方法.孔子的忠恕之道和<中庸>的学、问、思、辨、行的修养方法,以及诚的思想,不仅为目前的公民道德建设提供具体的素材,更为个人进行道德修养、培养健全人格提供了有效的方法.     

Testing repeatability and error of coordinate landmark data acquired from crania

This study evaluates issues of precision, repeatability, and validation in three-dimensional (3D) landmark coordinates. Two observers collected 19 homologous cranial landmarks from three skulls during three separate digitizing sessions. Statistical analysis was conducted on the 171 interlandmark distances (ILDs) derived from the original coordinate data. A mixed model ANOVA detected significant within-subject error in 54 of the 171 ILDs (i.e., 32%). A GLM procedure revealed significant between-observer variation in 14 ILDs and significant observer-by-session differences in 13 ILDs. The majority of these differences involved ILDs with type 3 landmarks as endpoints, such as euryon and alare. Unlike type 1 and 2 landmarks which are biologically informative in all directions, type 3 landmarks contain a substantial arbitrary component. Thus, it is not surprising type 3 landmarks displayed significant digitizing error. Given these results, we caution researchers to be mindful of type 3 landmarks measurement discrepancies when selecting landmarks for coordinate data evaluation.     

Marriage and power: Age at first marriage and spousal age gap in lesser developed countries

This paper examines age at first marriage for women and spousal age gap as an indicator for female agency from 1950 to 2005. Using a dataset of 77 LDCs this paper seeks to explore which variables determine differences at a country level in marriage patterns. We look at the influence of urbanisation, education, percentage population of Muslim faith, and family type. We find that education is a key in determining at what age women marry, having as would be expected a positive effect on age at first marriage and depressing spousal age gap. Urbanisation is significant, with a positive effect on age and negative on spousal age gap, although the effect is not very large. The percentage Muslim variable depresses female age at first marriage and increases spousal age gap but only when family type is not controlled for. The initially strong negative effect of percentage population Muslim over the period under consideration on age of first marriage has decreased, which raises some interesting questions about the role of Islam in female empowerment.     

Human coxal bone sexual dimorphism and multislice computed tomography: geometric morphometric analysis of 65 adults

The authors studied sexually dimorphic differences in coxal shape using geometric morphometric analysis of 15 osteometric landmarks recorded by multislice computed tomography (MSCT), based on three-dimensional reconstructions of 65 Caucasian adults. Geometric morphometric analysis, principal component analysis, canonical variates analysis, and other discriminant analysis (Goodall's F-test and Mahalanobis distance) were performed for the three separate bones of the left innominate (pubis, ilium, and ischium), the modified pubis (pubis and ischiopubic ramus), the modified ilium (ilium and ischial spine), three bone complexes (ischiopubic, iliopubic, and ilio-ischial), and the complete innominate. A cross-validation test was also performed. All areas studied were dimorphic, but results for sexual dimorphism in decreasing order were as follows: the modified pubis, followed by the ischiopubic complex, the iliopubic complex and the complete innominate, the pubis, the modified ilium, the ilio-ischial complex, the ilium, and finally the ischium. These results show the potential of this approach for future anthropological research.