公立高等学校性质的行政法透视

近些年发生的以高校为被告的案件层出不穷,但司法机关应当以何种立场来解决涉高校的诉讼案件却缺乏统一标准,究其根本原因乃在于对高等学校性质是什么或者应当是什么没有足够的认识。事实上,无论是将公立高等学校定位于一般的事业单位,还是行政法意义上的法律法规授权的组织抑或第三部门,都难以自恰地解释高等学校在实践中存在的多重身份以及由此产生的多重法律关系和法律纠纷,但如果将其定位于公务法人则可以在某种程度上克服上述缺陷。     

用荧光显微镜观察Y小体确定骨骼肌的性别

作者将人骨骼肌经冰冻切片,0.5％阿的平染色,用荧光显微镜观察,计数Y小体的出现率以确定性别。53例中34例男性Y小体的出现率在20～76％,平均为50.38％;19例女性的类Y小体的出现率在0～3％均值0.89％,将两者行t检验,t值等于13.93,P(0.01,差异极显著。通过对41例检材进行盲测,结果准确率达100％。     

‘Very Brave or Very Foolish’? ‘Gallant Little’ Botswana’s Defiance of ‘Apartheid’s Golden Age’, 1966–1980

The period from 1966 to 1979 is claimed to have been ‘apartheid’s golden age’ when the anti-apartheid forces were alleged to have largely acquiesced in the well-resourced South African government. However, this paper observes that Botswana, a country of about one million people and almost entirely surrounded by extremely hostile white minority regimes, demonstrated a spirit of defiance to apartheid’s golden age. Botswana defied military intimidation and reprisals from South Africa (an African giant) and its ally Rhodesia by continuing to host large numbers of refugees despite Botswana’s severe budgetary constraints. Botswana did this even though it was landlocked and overwhelmingly dependent on South Africa for economic survival. Botswana felt that it was a moral obligation to make sacrifices for the benefit of the oppressed black people of South Africa. This article attempts to demonstrate that despite being defenceless and dependent on South Africa for economic survival, Botswana did not yield in its principled stand against apartheid, a stand which won international acclaim during the period from 1966 to 1980 – apartheid’s golden age. It concludes that in its own small way Botswana demonstrated that apartheid was not entirely invincible.     

Provocation and Pluralism

What is the best way to reflect human diversity in the structure of the provocation defence, and similar excusatory defences in the criminal law? The House of Lords recently concluded that the right way is to allow the jury to personalise and thereby qualify the apparently uniform ‘reasonable person’ standard mentioned in section 3 of the Homicide Act 1957. In this paper we argue that this is not the right way at all. We argue that the reasonable person standard, unqualified, already accommodates the only variations between people that the law should want to accommodate in an excusatory defence. To defend this view we revive the common law's tripartite analysis of the ‘objective’ (or impersonal) issues in the provocation defence: first, was there an action capable of constituting a provocation? second, how provocative was it? and third, how much self‐control should have been exhibited in the face of it? We show that these questions each have a built‐in sensitivity to certain variations between different defendants' situations, but that this does not detract from their objectivity (or impersonality). We argue that no more sensitivity is needed in the name of human diversity, and what is more that no more sensitivity is desirable.     

技术侦查证据庭外核实的程序性障碍

刑事诉讼法修正案增加了技术侦查一节的内容,其中第152条对技术侦查所获材料的证明效力和核实方法作了规定,该条规定确立了技术侦查所获材料的合法证据地位,值得注意的是其中提出了一个庭外核实证据的新思路.实施技术侦查证据的庭外核实,与刑事诉讼公开质证的原则不符,应当慎用,在穷尽其它证据核实方法仍无法保障安全的前提下,应当有限度地使用庭外核实程序,将其作为例外程序,并对其实施范围、程序作进一步的规范完善,尤其要注意对相对人权利的保护.     

IRC § 71 MAY IMPOVERISH CHILDREN,ENDANGER EX‐WIVES,AND DISRUPT FEDERALISM1

The Internal Revenue Code provides that alimony will be deductible to the payor and taxable to the payee. Although this treatment may seem contrary to the payee's interest, compared to making the payments non‐deductible and nontaxable, it can increase the payee's after‐tax income. The payor's deduction will allow larger payments at no after‐tax cost increase; if the payee is in a lower tax bracket, then even after paying taxes the payee will have more resources. Because this favorable treatment of alimony does not apply to child support, children of divorce are poorer. Nor does the favorable treatment apply to lump‐sum payments, making this option less generous, even though many states have phased down the grant of alimony. Because the definition of alimony requires that it end with the payee's death—to protect the treatment provided for lump sums—the tax system is on the wrong side of the issue of violence against ex‐spouses (typically the ex‐wife). The article proposes extending to other similar payments the favorable tax treatment now provided for alimony.     

当代中国妇女解放是一个历史的过程

妇女解放主要包括经济、政治和思想解放3个方面.由于受主客观条件的制约,妇女解放必然要经历一个长期的历史过程,为了加速实现妇女解放的过程,既需要妇女自身的努力,也需要创造一个良好的社会环境.     

论儒家中庸观及其现代意义

“中庸”作为中国认识史上的一个古老的概念 ,不仅是儒家哲学的重要范畴 ,也是中华传统文化的精华之一。文章阐述了儒家“中庸”观的渊源、发展及其基本特征 ,并试图从实际出发全面评价儒家的中庸观 ,阐述其现代意义。     

我国现行宪法章节名称之由来及评析

＂名＂是一个极其重要的范畴。宪法章节名称是一个不可回避、不容轻视的问题。我国现行宪法的章节名称,主要是对1954年宪法章节名称的继承。1954年宪法的章节名称,在多方面借鉴了前苏联宪法,但也有创造,如＂国家机构＂的章名。现行宪法的章节名称,还有完善的空间。