Two items of evidence, no putative source: an inference problem in forensic intelligence

Intelligence analysts commonly associate cases on the basis of similarities found in compared characteristics of scientific evidence. The present paper studies some of the inferential difficulties associated with such operations. An analysis is proposed that breaks down the reasoning process into inference to common source, and inference to case linkage. The former requires an approach to the difficulty associated with evaluating the similarities of items of evidence from different cases with no putative source being available. The latter requires consideration to be given to the relevance of evidence. Throughout the paper, probability theory is used to describe the nature of the proposed inferences. Graphical models are also introduced with the aim of providing further insight into the dependence and independence relationships assumed to hold among the various propositions considered. Notions from decision theory are used to discuss ways in which intelligence analysts may assist investigators in deciding whether or not cases should be considered as linked.     

当前影响政府城信的突出问题及应对策略

政府信用在社会信用体系中处于核心地位,起着基础性、决定性、导向性的作用.没有良好的政府信用就无法建立完善的社会信用体系.加强政府诚信建设,不仅是推动整个社会诚信体系建设的需要,更是完善社会主义市场经济体制、进一步提高改革开放水平的需要.本文从用户需求的视角,通过对社会公众视阈下影响政府诚信的突出问题的分析,剖析了造成政府诚信缺失的体制性、根本性原因并提出了相关的对策建议.     

图书馆用户服务中的跨文化心理学研究

图书馆用户服务的广泛性、国际化和资源共享使得图书馆用户群体更为复杂,影响用户服务的因素也越来越多。跨文化心理学问题不容忽视。它从性别、职业、民族、语言等方面对用户服务造成不同程度的影响,借鉴跨文化心理学其合理内核,正确理解和定位核心用户;实现有效的跨文化沟通;培养跨文化接触时的适应能力;培养跨文化交际的技能。     

Women’s activism in a drug user union in the Downtown Eastside

Marginalized women in Canada who use criminalized drugs are often defined through institutional discourses of addiction, disease, poverty, sex work, and violence. Framed by many researchers as an at risk population, the fullness of these women’s lives is often rendered invisible, and the complexity, diversity, and range of experiences of their political and community work and their movement through the city are less often a topic of interest. This gap is addressed through an exploration of how some marginalized women come to know and experience themselves politically and physically, as part of a reflection upon their movement in and through the Downtown Eastside (DTES) of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Drawing from community-based research in the DTES over a four-month period with women in leadership roles at the Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users, a drug user union, this paper highlights the results from focus groups and brainstorming sessions. The participants disrupt conventional notions of addiction and criminalization through their political and community activities and their ongoing resistance to systemic discrimination.     

Visualizing Homicide: A Research Note

This paper provides some examples of the utility of graphical methods in analyzing data. While such methods are not expected to supplant standard statistical techniques, they can help the researcher in understanding characteristics of the process in ways that cannot be replicated using the standard methods.     

服务贸易和反倾销制度接合问题探讨

服务贸易是一个新兴的产业部门,GATs的制定与实施是服务贸易走向国际化、自由化的一个里程碑。学术界对服务贸易尤其是国际服务贸易领域的理论研究还处于起步和探索阶段。反倾销制度在货物贸易领域得到了广泛的使用,产生了巨大的影响。但令人遗憾的是,GATs并没有引入这一制度,学术界也鲜有学者对此做出解释和评价。服务贸易和反倾销制度的接合问题,具有重大的理论和实践价值,值得进行深入研究和探讨。     

马六甲海峡使用国合作义务问题的形成背景及现状分析

联合国海洋法公约第43条规定了国际海峡的使用国和沿岸国的合作义务,但是未就合作的性质、方式、途径、使用国的概念等作出明确的规定。在马六甲海峡沿岸三国以及日本的积极推动下,马六甲海峡使用国合作义务问题最近因获得中国的积极回应取得较大的进展,但具体到合作的方式、途径、范围等问题时,相关国家各自又有不同的打算。9.11事件以后,海上安全问题成为马六甲海峡使用国合作义务问题中的新要素。中国作为海洋地理相对不利的国家应从能源安全的角度出发,重新定位我国在马六甲海峡的航行利益,积极参与新规则的制定,以促成对我有利的马六甲海峡合作机制的形成。     

物联网环境下的个人信息权利及保护

以物联网为代表的新兴技术正在逐步进入我们的日常生活，在带来巨大便利的同时也给个人信息保护工作带来了新的挑战。在物联网环境下，更多、更真实、更准确并具备人身属性的信息可以被实时收集。在这种情况下，对个人信息的保护需要依赖有效的用户协议，也需要物联网服务提供商避免对个人信息的过度收集。在对物联网设备所收集到的个人信息进行使用前，需要对所收集的个人信息进行去隐私化处理。另外，政府部门与行业协会也应当针对物联网的新特性及时制定并更新个人信息的保护措施。     

环保专利共享法律制度研究

环保专利共享计划是气候变化相关技术转让机制的重要组成部分,它从私人公司的角度出发为气候变化相关技术转让的问题提出了新的视角,利用环保技术的特性建立起私人自愿捐赠机制,在促进技术创新的同时实现有效的技术转让。国际环境条约为环保专利共享计划提供了法律依据,环保技术与软件的相似性为环保专利共享计划提供了可行性基础,专利和契约等相关法律制度的完善为环保专利共享计划的运行提供了法律保障。