试论我国习惯的地位及与国家法的关系——以“合会”为中心的考察

通过对合会这一广泛存在的民间融资习惯的分析,初步探讨习惯在我国的地位及其与国家法之间的关系.首先分别阐述了合会在制定法上与实际生活中的地位,认为国家制订法应当认可习惯,而习惯由于传统外在权威的缺失去也需要国家法的确认.在此基础上从实然和应然的层面探讨了习惯和国家法之间的关系,指出从现实角度来看,在司法、执法环节,习惯被国家法默认;而从理想的角度来看,习惯应当被国家立法所认可.     

Independent regulatory agencies in Turkey: are they really autonomous?

This article examines the autonomy of independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) in Turkey. It explores, first, the different factors that have led to the creation of IRAs and second, the legislative basis of their formal or de jure autonomy. Thereafter, the article assesses the extent to which this formal autonomy is really put in practice and how it is perceived by board members. The enquiry was conducted through a survey comprising interviews and a questionnaire applied to the same. It concludes that although formal autonomy is satisfactorily provided for by law, government tends to limit this autonomy through secondary legislation. Consequently, there are some constraints on the actual use of autonomy. Concerning de facto autonomy, survey findings show that boards are exposed to external and internal pressures and interference in their deliberations. Thus, the assumption that ‘the greater the autonomy the more efficient the management’ is questioned. The main sources of pressure on board members are from the regulated sectors themselves. These findings have an important bearing on democracy and the political–administrative interface, as it is confronted by market forces. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有限国家责任说——构建刑事被害人国家补偿制度的主要理论基础

为了保护被害人权益，化解社会不稳定因素，国内学者纷纷呼吁，参照其他国家的先进理论构建我国刑事被害人国家补偿制度。为了使作为被害人补偿制度的理论依据——国家责任说更有科学性和说服力，宜对国家责任说的理论基础——社会契约理论进行推理和择取。结合社会契约理论，应以有限国家责任说和社会保险说为理论依据，建立我国的刑事被害人国家补偿制度。     

农村集体土地国有化是完善我国土地制度的必然选择

我国现行的城乡二元土地制度的弊端已经成为土地资源科学利用的最大障碍。调整农村土地集体所有制为国家所有制有利于促进农村土地的市场化、商品化；有利于实现农村剩余劳动力的自由、有效转移；有利于国内外资本向农村的投入；有利于土地资源的科学利用和我国工业化与城市化的发展。农村土地国有化不是对农民利益的剥夺，而是农民、国家和集体的共赢。具有实行的可能性。因此，我们应加快立法与改革的步伐，积极稳妥地推动农村集体土地国有化的进程。     

日本警察临战保障及其启示

要保证警察临战职能作用的有效发挥,强有力的保障不可或缺。日本十分重视警察临战保障,运作模式独具特色。日本强调临战保障的法制化、现代化及社会化,其经验和做法非常值得我们学习与借鉴。     

试论中国有组织犯罪的演变及其成因

根据有组织犯罪的发展形态及特征 ,中国有组织犯罪按时间序列可分为三个阶段。作为观照社会问题的一类研究范式 ,“国家———社会”这一范式对于探讨有组织犯罪的演变及成因具有一定的意义。与中国有组织犯罪的不同发展时期相对应 ,国家与社会之间的关系发展呈现出不同的特点 ,而这些特点也是有组织犯罪形成与发展的重要原因。     

Economic Reform and Social Change in China: Past, Present, and Future of the Economic State

China's socioeconomic crisis before 1978 and its success over the past two decades can be viewed as a zigzag process of politicization and depoliticization of the economic state. By summarizing the Chinese experience, this article shows the importance of a specific pattern of general public policy (GPP) in determining the nature of a policy system. China's economic and serialized reforms since 1978 are reviewed in order to illuminate the current situation and future direction of the nation. The changes have undermined the economic state by creating a trend of de-economicization in the Chinese government. If economic reform and social change are to continue smoothly, another transfer of state emphasis to more balanced development is required.     

The Uniform Civil Code: The Politics of the Universal in Postcolonial India

This article speaks of a debate in contemporary India: that surrounding the validity of enacting a civil code that applies uniformly to all communities and religions in the state. In certain feminist arguments, such a code is seen as possibly providing a sphere of rights to Indian women that is alternative to the rights – or wrongs – given to them by the plural religious laws, which form the basis of the civil law in India. India, however, is a heterogeneous polity, encompassing a diversity of cultures and religions, some dominant and others forming minorities. Given these differences, some critics see the feminist call for a Uniform Civil Code as an essentialist move that prioritises gender over other agendas and politics. They argue that the site of the ‚universal’ in this feminist move is a liberal site that inherently excludes marginalised Others and benefits the dominant subjects in India. In my article, I contest this critique and question whether the site of the universal and its authorial subject in postcolonial India is, in fact, an exclusionary liberal ruse of power. I draw insights from the history of the formation of the postcolonial nation-state in India to posit an experience of the state and the universal within it, which is alternative to the Western liberal model. The aim of this article is, therefore, not so much to debate the in/validity of a Uniform Civil Code, as to address certain contemporary post-structuralist critiques of the site of the universal in postcolonial India and posit a departure from them, based on perspectives drawn from history.     

中共三代领导集体行政管理思想比较

中共三代领导集体的行政管理思想在指导思想、社会价值取向以及领导主体等方面存在着相同点,但他们在行政治理理念、对民主和法治的认识和重视程度等方面存在着显著的差异。     

充分发挥历史教学在德育教育中的作用

发挥历史教学的特点进行德育教育,应成为各类学校和每一位历史老师严肃思考的问题。挖掘教材资源,充分利用教材自身的特点,有机、有意、有序地渗透德育内容;调动学生主动参与的积极性,开发利用周围可供进行德育教育的各种资源,改进教学方法,形成道德情感;等等。充分发挥历史学科对现实的指导作用,力求做到学以致用。