Medicalization and social justice

Most social justice critiques of medical care focus upon the allocation of extant, but scarce, resources. In contrast to that focus, this article explores the preallocative arena of factors which shape the supply and availability of medical care. We identify four such factors: (1)medicalization — the tendency to regard as biologically caused various human problems which were in earlier eras ignored or attributed to other causes; (2)social inclusion — the bringing of economically deprived and socially marginal groups into participation in the medical care system; (3)biomedical transcendence — the elevation of biomedically derived concepts of human function into a social and personal world view; and (4)health absolutism — the ideology which holds individuals accountable for their own health and which, contrary to the thrust of the other factors, deemphasizes access and social equity for professionally provided medical care. While these forces all enhance the place of health as a social value, it is by no means certain that they will lead to a society which is more medically just. The article concludes with an appeal for critical analysis of the processes which shape both the medical care system and the broad social concern with medical care.     

大学生不良心理及其纠正

被誉为"时代骄子"的大学生们,他们在大学校园里学习、生活得如何,一直是家庭和社会所关注的热点问题.因为上大学是莘莘学子第一次走出家门,开始的独立生活.对于这些"初出茅庐"的大孩子们,无论是在生理上还是在心理上,无疑是一个"巨大"的挑战,特别是面对众多的"诱惑",能否把握自己、坚定人生的方向、顺利地度过大学阶段的生活,对每个大学生而言,都是一种考验.文章着重对大学生心理现状进行分析探讨,希望能对他们的健康成长有所裨益.     

Typeability of AmpFlSTR SGM Plus loci in brain and thyroid gland tissue samples incubated in different environments

Autolysis and putrefaction are crucial factors responsible for degradation of cells, tissues, and organs. Postmortem changes may assume different course depending on extrinsic and intrinsic conditions. The aim of the study was assessment of environmental effect on typeability of AmpFlSTR SGM Plus loci: D3S1358, VWA, D16S539, D2S1338, D81179, D21S11, D18S51, D19S433, TH01, FGA, and gender marker amelogenin. Brain and thyroid gland tissue specimens collected during autopsies of five persons aged 20-30 years were incubated at 21 degrees C and 4 degrees C in different environmental conditions. DNA was extracted by organic method from tissue samples collected in 7-day intervals and subsequently typed using AmpFlSTR SGM Plus kit and ABI 310. A fast decrease in typeability rate was seen in specimens incubated in peat soil and in sand. Brain tissue samples were typeable in all AmpFlSTR SGM Plus loci within 126 days of incubation at 4 degrees C. Faster DNA degradation was recorded in thyroid gland specimens. In samples with negative genotyping results, no DNA was found by fluorometric quantitiation.     

政策网络视角下农民工职业健康权益的保障

从公共部门、第三部门和个人三个角度出发,系统地探究我国农民工职业健康现状的原因,并将这三个方面纳入一个全新的视角——政策网络,试图通过三者共同构建起的网络以及网络各主体的协调运转来改善农民工的职业健康状况。     

Changing the Tobacco Use Management System: Blending Systems Thinking with Actor–Network Theory

Managing “wicked” issues like the tobacco epidemic is addressed using a combination of Open Systems Thinking (OST) and Actor–Network Theory (ANT). OST was used to construct a model of the tobacco problem as a management system acting in a broader environment. This highlighted several problems with the current system but provided no mechanism for reform. ANT, the “sociology of translation,” was used for understanding how change occurs. Unlike systems thinking, ANT focuses the contest for change on heterogeneous networks of human and nonhuman actors that must be constructed through a process of defining and defending models of change, building alliances, gaining public acceptance, and finally achieving institutional acceptance of the reform (or of some compromise). We then show how this dual approach can shed light on a current challenge in controlling tobacco, the issue of product regulation, and the broader issue of harm reduction versus harm elimination.     

走向全民健康保险:论中国医疗保障制度的转型

中国已经进入全民医保的时代,但医疗保障体系呈现碎片化的特征,其内部的若干制度安排之间出现了不协调。中国医疗保障体系亟待进一步转型,转型的重点和方向是将基本医疗保障体系从现行分散化、碎片化的社会医疗保险制度,改造为集中化、一体化的社会医疗保险制度,即全民健康保险。推进全民健保是"发展型社会政策"的体现,具有同时促进经济增长和社会发展的双重功效。从短期来看,这是一种简单易行而又可持续的减税计划,可以促进经济增长,有助于经济发展模式的转变;从长远来看,全民健保制度的建立标志着"社会性基础设施"的建设又迈上了一个新的台阶,这必将为中国福利国家的重建奠定基础。     

重庆市北碚区农村医疗卫生现状分析及建议

该文以重庆市北碚区的农村居民为主要调查对象,以其医疗卫生现状为主要调查分析项目,调查新农合发展及现状、村民家庭收入及医疗费用比、农村医疗点分布及就医便利等问题以及农村卫生教育、医疗卫生常识、饮食卫生知识等。通过对比分析与总结,该文在完善农村公共卫生体系建设方面提出建议,即加大资金投入,改善农村公共卫生服务条件、增强农村居民的公共卫生意识、拓展人员培训和人才培养模式,努力提高队伍素质、加强公共卫生服务网站建设,提高公共卫生服务能力等。     

附条件不起诉考察制度的构建探析——在《刑事诉讼法》修正案和比较法研究双重视角下

2012年初,《刑事诉讼法》修正案正式通过,附条件不起诉制度在我国刑事诉讼程序中获得正式确认。但修正案中就附条件不起诉制度仅做了原则性规定,尚需由最高人民检察院制定细则予以规范。文章试图对附条件不起诉制度中的考察制度进行探讨,通过与德国、日本、美国、我国台湾地区等近似制度的比较分析,从考察的主体、内容、期限、配套机制及处理结果等方面,大胆提出考察制度架构的设想,以为在实践中规范适用附条件不起诉制度提出建议。