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141.
It is common for researchers using animal or human remains for scientific study to freeze samples prior to use. However, effects of freezing on bone macro‐ or microstructure are relatively unknown. The research objective of this study was to determine whether freezing could potentially bias experimental results by analyzing changes in bone mineral density (BMD) with the freezing of remains over time. Eight fetal pigs were scanned to determine their initial BMD before freezing. Three piglets underwent a freeze‐thaw cycle to assess the effects of the freezing process. Four piglets were frozen and scanned weekly for 20 weeks to assess freezing over time. The overall average between the fresh initial scan and final frozen scan was significantly different (p < 0.001). Per contra, the final thawed BMD scans did not differ from the initial fresh scan (p = 0.418). Thus, completely thawed remains are recommended for experimental studies. 相似文献
142.
The Micro‐Taphonomy of Cold: Differential Microcracking in Response to Experimental Cold‐Stresses
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Cold is a central feature of environments at higher latitudes and elevations. Thus, cold‐induced taphonomic changes are relevant in many forensic contexts. Fifty‐two lamb bone segments were used to assess the impact of cold, freeze‐thaw cycles, freeze‐drying, and water immersion on microstructural cracking of bone in a series of controlled exposure experiments. For each bone segment, three thin sections were examined under a light microscope. Cold exposure caused taphonomic changes in the form of microscopic cracking. Transverse cracks occurred in all treatments, whereas osteonal cracks were restricted to rapid freezing treatments. Type of cold exposure had a statistically significant effect on both the total number of cracks and each type of crack observed. Skeletal microcracking could potentially be used as a taphonomic indicator of postmortem bone exposure to sub‐zero temperatures. The type and prevalence of this damage could also be used to distinguish between different types of cold exposure. 相似文献
143.
Alberto Amadasi M.D. Debora Mazzarelli B.Sc. Daniele Merli Ph.D. Alberto Brandone Ph.D. Cristina Cattaneo Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2017,62(3):786-790
The presence of “chipping” or “flaking” around the edges of gunshot entry wounds has been described among the characteristics of gunshot wounds in bone. In this study, the real frequency of such a peculiar feature was investigated. The presence of “chipping” was assessed on 22 gunshot wounds fired at a near‐contact range on bovine ribs with 9‐mm bullets. As controls, five samples were shot with a 3 cm range, and five from 40 cm. In 77% of cases shot at near‐contact range, a detachment of small fragments of the upper layers of bone was detected, mainly with a circumferential disposition, whereas this feature was lacking in control samples. The study demonstrated the frequency of “chipping” and that it may probably be due to a combined ballistic effect of impact of the bullet itself and expansion of gases. It may be thus considered indicative of close‐range shots. 相似文献
144.
手腕部桡、尺骨骺线消失作为推测18岁年龄的指征 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
目的探讨手腕部桡、尺骨骺线消失是否可以作为推测青少年18岁年龄的指征。方法研究样本为15~20岁的中国5城市4492名(男1942,女2550)汉族健康青少年。在受试者出生日前后15d内拍摄左手腕正位X线片。根据骺线是否可辨评价桡、尺骨远侧骺的发育,计算年龄组骺线不可辨的例数及其构成比。结果在18岁以下,男、女青少年桡骨骺线不可辨等级出现的构成比分别为0.9%和4.9%,尺骨骺线不可辨等级出现的构成比分别为13.1%和69.2%。结论手腕部桡骨骺线消失可作为推测青少年18岁年龄的指征。 相似文献
145.
Understanding the degree and pattern of shrinkage undergone by bone when subjected to heating is crucial to accurately deduce a biological profile from incinerated remains. X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) enables a nondestructive insight into hard tissue structural changes, while allowing for an accurate documentation of volumetric and trabecular shrinkage. Sheep ribs were experimentally burned at temperatures between 400 and 1000°C in 100°C increments and their volumetric shrinkage was calculated. Observed shrinkage ranged from 14.0% at 400°C to 45.5% at 1000°C. Bones burned at temperatures up to 600°C showed no significant difference, whereas the 700 and 800°C samples exhibited higher shrinkage. Bones burnt at 900 and 1000°C showed significantly higher shrinkage than the other temperature groups. Findings signify the potential of micro-CT in research on the effects of factors such as diagenesis or burning on the bone density, morphology and microarchitecture. 相似文献
146.
Suzanna Michener M.Sc. Lynne S. Bell Ph.D. Nadine C. Schuurman Ph.D. David Swanlund M.A. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2020,65(4):1247-1259
Aging adult skeletal material is a crucial component of building the biological profile of unknown skeletal remains, but many macro- and microscopic methods have challenges regarding accuracy, precision, and replicability. This study developed a volumetric method to visualize and quantify histological remodeling events in three dimensions, using a two-dimensional serialized approach that applied circular polarizing microscopy and geographic information systems protocols. This approach was designed as a tool to extend current histological aging methodologies. Three serial transverse sections were obtained from a human femoral midshaft. A total sample size of 6847 complete osteons from the three sections was identified; 1229 osteons connected between all sections. The volume of all connected osteons was interpolated using ArcGIS area calculations and truncated cone geometric functions. Each section was divided into octants, and two random samples of 100 and of 30 connected osteons from each octant were generated. Osteon volume was compared between the octants for each random sample using ANOVA. Results indicated that the medial aspect had relative uniformity in osteon volume, whereas the lateral aspect showed high variability. The anterolateral–lateral octant had significantly smaller osteon volume, whereas the posterior–posterolateral octant had significantly larger osteon volume. Results also indicated that a minimum of 100 osteons is statistically more robust and more representative of normal osteon distribution and volume; the use of 30 osteons is insufficient. This research has demonstrated that osteon volume can be interpolated using spatial geometry and GIS applications and may be a tool to incorporate into adult age-at-death estimation techniques. 相似文献
147.
目的 观察骨伤复原汤配合骨搬运技术治疗创伤性四肢大段骨缺损的临床疗效。方法 将60例创伤性四肢大段骨缺损患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组30例,对照组术后采用鹿瓜多肽8 mg静脉滴注,治疗组患者加服骨伤复原汤。结果 随访18~31个月,平均24个月。治疗组骨痂牵拉时间较对照组显著缩短(P<0.05);治疗组骨愈合优25例,良4例,可1例,差0例,对照组骨愈合优20例,良4例,可4例,差1例,两组骨愈合疗效比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 骨伤复原汤配合骨搬运技术可缩短创伤性四肢大段骨缺损的愈合时间。 相似文献
148.
149.
目的 观察理筋正骨手法结合肌内效贴治疗急性期肩关节周围炎的临床疗效。方法 选择60例急性期肩关节周围炎患者,随机分为手法组和对照组,每组30例。手法组给予理筋正骨手法结合肌内效贴治疗,对照组给予超短波疗法结合肌内效贴治疗。比较两组患者临床疗效及治疗前后视觉模拟量表(visual analog scale,VAS)评分、压痛阈值、肩关节活动度(range of motion,ROM)、肩关节功能Constant Murley评分(Constant Murley score,CMS)、表面肌电积分肌电图(integral electromyogram,iEMG)值。结果 手法组疗效优于对照组(P<0.05);两组治疗后VAS评分均显著降低,且手法组降低程度大于对照组(P<0.05);两组治疗后压痛阈值、CMS、肩关节ROM、iEMG值均显著升高(P<0.05),且手法组升高程度大于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 理筋正骨手法结合肌内效贴治疗可缓解急性期肩关节周围炎患者的疼痛,改善肩关节功能。 相似文献
150.
Porcine bone is often used as a substitute for human bone in forensic trauma studies, but little has been published on its comparative mechanical behavior. The factors affecting mechanical properties and therefore selection of bone models are complex and include the age of the animal at death, and physiological loading conditions, the latter being of particular relevance when using a quadrupedal animal as a human substitute. The regional variation in hardness of adult and infant porcine bones was investigated using Vickers’ indentation tests and compared to published data for human limb bones to relate differences to inherent genetic effects and loading influences, and to examine the validity of the porcine‐human model. Significant differences in hardness were observed both along and around the adult porcine humerus and femur, but no significant differences were found along the length of the infant bones. Significant differences were found between the forelimb and hindlimb, but only in the infant specimens. The hardness values for porcine adult cortical bone from the femur (52.23 ± 1.00 kg mm?2) were comparable to those reported in the literature for adult human cortical bone from the fibula, ilium, and calcaneus. These data will help inform subject selection in terms of both species and bone type for use in future trauma studies. 相似文献