大鼠颅骨材料力学和骨质参数的增龄性变化

目的 通过检测大鼠颅骨材料力学和骨质参数,探讨二者关系及其与年龄的相关性.方法 48只健康雄性SD大鼠按年龄分为2、4、6、8、17、26、52和104周龄组,每组6只.利用KDⅡ-0.2型微机控制电子万能试验机压缩右侧颅盖骨检测其材料力学参数(极限载荷、压缩强度、压缩模量),之后分离颅骨骨片进行Micro-CT系统扫...     

陈旧性骨骼DNA提取技术的研究

对陈旧性骨骼建立一个高回收率并能除去 PCR 反应抑制物的提取 DNA 的方法。采用 CTAB 法提取 DNA。结果显示,该方法不但能有效去除 PCR 抑制物,而且对水泡、火烧、土埋以及10年左右的骨骼所提取的 DNA 均能成功地进行荧光标记 STR 多基因座扩增检验。实验表明,该方法稳定,重复性好,适合陈旧骨骼标本的 DNA 提取。     

Structural analysis of human rib fracture and implications for forensic interpretation

Patterns of rib fractures are of significant clinical and forensic interest. Linking patterns of rib fracture with specific physical events provides a foundation for understanding the nature of traumatic events that are associated with rib fracture in forensic contexts. In this study, isolated human ribs (n = 8) were end-loaded to failure to investigate: (i) local deformations (bone strain) prior to and during structural failure, (ii) location of ultimate failure, and (iii) fracture mode. Structural properties of ribs were used to calculate theoretical stresses to determine whether such calculations could be used to predict site of fracture. Ribs fractured on the sternal side of midshaft in all experiments, but mode of failure varied with transverse, buckle, spiral, and "butterfly" fractures observed. Comparison of calculated stress with observed strain values suggest that experimental, rather than theoretical, approaches will be most productive in furthering understanding rib fracture in forensic contexts.     

中国汉族女性青少年法医学活体骨龄推断数学模型的建立

目的建立推断中国汉族女性青少年活体骨龄的数学模型。方法摄取华中、华南及华东等地区的838名年龄介于11～20周岁正常女性青少年双侧锁骨胸骨端以及左侧肩、肘、腕、髋、膝、踝关节的X线片。依据青少年骨发育分级标准对24项骨骼发育指标进行阅片、分级,结合考虑身高、体质量及地区等影响因素．应用SAS8．1及SPSS11．0软件进行统计学处理,探索各指标与年龄的相关性。结果建立了我国汉族女性青少年利用锁骨胸骨端及6大关节骨骺闭合程度联合推断活体年龄的多元回归数学模型．推导出判定我国汉族女性青少年是否已满14、16和18周岁的Fisher’S两类判别分析方程。结论本研究所建立的判定活体年龄的数学模型丰富了活体年龄的法医学鉴定方法,有利于提高活体骨龄鉴定方法的科学性和结论的准确性。     

大黄泄浊颗粒保留灌肠对非透析慢性肾脏病肾性骨病湿热证患者骨密度及血清骨形成蛋白-7的影响

目的观察非透析慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney diseases,CKD)肾性骨病湿热证患者腰椎骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)和血清骨形成蛋白-7(bone morphogenetic protein-7,BMP-7)水平及大黄泄浊颗粒保留灌肠的干预作用。方法将64例非透析CKD 3~5期湿热证患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各32例(结果每组失访2例),并设正常组20例。两组均给予基础治疗,治疗组加用大黄泄浊颗粒保留灌肠,每日1次,疗程均为8周。治疗前后分别观察两组血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN),血清肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)、钙(calcium,Ca)、磷(phosphorus,P)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,iPTH)、BMP-7水平及第2—4腰椎BMD。结果治疗组临床疗效显著优于对照组(P0.05)。治疗4周末和8周末,两组中医证候积分均较前一时点显著降低(P0.05),且治疗组积分均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗组在降低BUN、SCr和血清P、iPTH、ALP方面,以及在升高血清Ca和肾小球滤过率估算值方面均显著优于对照组(P0.05)。与正常组比较,CKD病例组BMD和BMP-7均显著降低(P0.05);两组治疗后BMD和BMP-7均显著升高(P0.05),而治疗组BMD和BMP-7升高值均显著大于对照组(P0.05)。结论非透析CKD肾性骨病湿热证患者BMD和BMP-7水平均显著低于健康人群;大黄泄浊颗粒保留灌肠可防治非透析CKD肾性骨病,其机制可能与改善肾功能及升高血清BMP-7含量有关。     

Taphonomic Effects of Vulture Scavenging*

Abstract: From July through September 2007, three pig carcasses (Sus scrofa), weighing between 27 and 63 kg were placed outside in a grassy area in central Texas. A surrounding fence prevented entrance by terrestrial scavengers, while allowing avian scavengers unrestricted access. A fourth pig carcass served as a control for the rate of decomposition and was placed in a cage that prevented terrestrial and avian animal access. Modification of the carcasses was recorded through the use of two motion‐sensing digital cameras and daily on‐site observations. American black vultures (Coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) waited c. 24 h before beginning to scavenge and completely skeletonized the carcasses in 3 to 27 h of feeding, leaving scratches on the bones. The accelerated rate of decomposition and the signature markings on the bones should be considered when interpreting taphonomic events and determining an accurate postmortem interval at vulture‐modified scenes.     

鼻骨骨折影像学检查方法与法医学鉴定

本文从影像学检查方法的不同,重点对鼻骨骨折的影像学特点进行论述,比较了各种影像学检查方法的优劣。在法医学鉴定中,应根据实际情况,选择更优质的影像学检查,注意与正常的解剖变异相区别,并提出根据鼻骨骨折的影像分型进行法医学伤情鉴定的依据。     

Chronic Alcohol Abuse Leads to Low Bone Mass with No General Loss of Bone Structure or Bone Mechanical Strength,

Chronic alcohol abuse (CAA) has deleterious effects on skeletal health. This study examined the impact of CAA on bone with regard to bone density, structure, and strength. Bone specimens from 42 individuals with CAA and 42 individuals without alcohol abuse were obtained at autopsy. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA), compression testing, ashing, and bone histomorphometry were performed. Individuals with CAA had significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) in the femoral neck and significantly lower bone volume demonstrated by thinner trabeculae, decreased extent of osteoid surfaces, and lower mean wall thickness of trabecular osteons compared to individuals without alcohol abuse. No significant difference was found for bone strength and structure. Conclusion: CAA leads to low bone mass due to a decrease in bone formation but with no destruction of bone architecture nor a decrease in bone strength. It is questionable whether this per se increases fracture risk.     

烧骨个体识别的研究进展

烧骨DNA检测在火灾、焚尸、爆炸等事故中的个体识别和亲权鉴定方面,发挥着越来越重要的作用。STR作为重要的遗传标记系统,已广泛应用于法医学个体识别、亲权鉴定等领域。本文从焚烧温度及时间对烧骨STR分型的影响、烧骨STR基因座的选择和烧骨DNA的提取方法三个方面结合目前的研究进展进行了概述。     

A soft-tissue calcification: differential diagnosis and pathogenesis

An autopsy of a 72-year-old white male revealed a 30.5 x 5.1 cm vertically aligned heterotopic ossification just deep to a 30.5 cm midline abdominal scar. The ossified mass was determined to be a heterotopic ossification or myostitis ossificans (MO) traumatica resulting from an abdominal surgical incision during life. While, MO traumatica is relatively common accounting for roughly 60-75% of patients with soft-tissue ossification, heterotopic ossification of abdominal incisions are relatively rare and thus infrequently reported. This article details the manifestation of this relatively large heterotopic bone and provides a comprehensive review of the literature and pathogenesis of this unusual ossification. A review of the English literature from 1920 to the present produced only a handful of articles for a total of 185 reported cases. All had bone formed within vertical incisions, usually within 1 year of surgery, and 89% were males. Knowledge of this phenomenon and the variable size at presentation is useful to both the autopsy pathologist and the anthropologist in generating a diagnosis for abnormal calcifications.