欧盟商业方法专利保护的模式与启示

历史上各国都将商业方法视为智力活动的规则和方法,不予专利保护。随着信息网络和电子商务的发展,美国联邦巡回法院在State Street Bank案中彻底废除了"商业方法除外"原则,只要发明具有实用性即可授予专利。与美国不同,欧盟在承认商业方法专利性的同时,仍强调发明的技术性,只有具备"技术特征"、作出"技术贡献"的发明方授予专利。根据我国的专利传统和产业发展水平,一方面应借鉴欧盟坚持"技术特征"的资格要件,另一方面以发明整体"非显而易见性"作为创造性标准,同时还应完善商业方法专利授予程序,以堆护国家利益。     

On the challenge of unambiguous identification of fentanyl analogs: Exploring measurement diversity using standard reference mass spectral libraries

Fentanyl analogs are a class of designer drugs that are particularly challenging to unambiguously identify due to the mass spectral and retention time similarities of unique compounds. In this paper, we use agglomerative hierarchical clustering to explore the measurement diversity of fentanyl analogs and better understand the challenge of unambiguous identifications using analytical techniques traditionally available to drug chemists. We consider four measurements in particular: gas chromatography retention indices, electron ionization mass spectra, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectra, and direct analysis in real time mass spectra. Our analysis demonstrates how simultaneously considering data from multiple measurement techniques increases the observable measurement diversity of fentanyl analogs, which can reduce identification ambiguity. This paper further supports the use of multiple analytical techniques to identify fentanyl analogs (among other substances), as is recommended by the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG).     

黑社会性质组织犯罪的成因与对策——一种社会控制论视角的解读

有组织犯罪是严重危害人类社会的一种犯罪形态。在中国社会的现阶段,黑社会性质组织犯罪是最典型的有组织犯罪。它是中国社会控制体系更替和弱化,并受历史因素和外来因素影响等多种因素共同催生和促长的结果,亦符合其自身作为一种犯罪现象所遵循的客观发展规律。我国应当加强对黑社会性质组织犯罪的软控制、预控制和硬控制,完善社会控制体系,以有效地防治黑社会性质组织犯罪。     

论侦查策略的本质及特征

由于侦查策略与“计”、“谋”联系在一起,而“计”、“谋”在中国历史上又被称为“诡道”,因此,侦查策略往往被蒙上了一层神秘的面纱。解读侦查策略的本质,既有利于理论研究,也有利于侦查实践,侦查策略既是人们对客观存在的犯罪的认识的反映,也是人们对侦查自身规律和特点的认识的反映,它是一种在侦查实践中发展起来的,围绕侦查手段,措施的有效使用而建立的与犯罪作斗争的斗智斗勇的方法和艺术体系。     

我国民事诉讼证人制度缺失及修正

证人制度是民事诉讼中的一项重要制度。我国民事诉讼法中规定了证人制度,但不完善。以我国民事诉讼法上的证人制度为中心,结合相关国家的立法例,提出作为证人的主体应当是自然人,法人不应当作为证人;无论证人年龄如何,均有作证的资格;我国证据立法中应当建立保障证人强制出庭作证的制度和证人拒绝出具证言和出庭制度,并提出了立法建议。     

论新民主主义社会的主要矛盾与主要任务的二重性

新民主主义理论是毛泽东思想的重要组成部分。新民主主义论中所确定的新民主主义社会的主要任务是经济建设,主要矛盾是无产阶级与资产阶级的矛盾。新民主主义社会的主要任务与主要矛盾具有二重性。对这种二重性的正确认识,为今后党制定符合中国国情的关于主要矛盾和主要任务的政策提供了宝贵的经验和教训。     

犯罪人的本质属性辨析

The difference between criminals and non-criminals has always been a topic for criminal psychologists. It is easy to describe the features of offences by their social and legal attributes, while it is still difficult to find any significant difference of the features from ontological perspective of criminals. To get to know criminals from the point of personality, we may discover the essential features of criminals. However, while acknowledging the role of personality, the variables such as situations, moods and social relationships can not be neglected. Meanwhile, it is also necessary to study the personality mechanism of criminals. Zhang Shaogang, an associate professor in Communication University of China, also acts as compere in the program of the “Jinri Shuofa” (legal report) and “Dajia Kanfa” (all get close to the law). Since 2006, he became a Ph.D candidate at China University of Political Science and Law, majoring in the direction of criminal psychology. His publications include “TV Planning Outline”, “On the New Planning of TV”, “Television Programs and Program Planning”. The large-scale live broadcasts called “20 Hours of Life” referring to three cross-strait districts, presided by him, achieved the first prize of China News Awards in the category of live televisions.     

论轻微暴力索财案件的定性

轻微暴力索财案件的定性在司法实践中分歧较大,主要集中在抢劫、敲诈勒索与寻衅滋事三个罪名上。定性分歧的主要原因在于立法规定的概括性、理论阐释的局限性、案件事实的复杂性以及法官认识的差异性。要实现对此类案件的准确定性,应该在澄清理论误区的基础上进行综合判断。     

中西感恩思想比较

中国和西方哲学中,都包含感恩的思想,感恩父母、感恩社会、感恩自然等等。但是由于中国与西方的社会环境,理论起源不一样,感恩思想的表现形式和内容也有一些不同,表现为理论基础的不同和侧重点、内容的不同。不同的感恩理论反映了社会的不同发展历程,也对社会产生了不同的影响。