烧骨的研究现状与展望

本文根据国内外相关文献,对烧骨的宏观、微观形态学特点,烧骨形态特征与各影响因素之间的关系,热致骨折与损伤骨折、条件性骨折的鉴别等方面进行了综述,并对现有研究的局限之处进行了分析,提出改进方向。     

儿童骨骼特征的组织学研究

目的研究儿童骨骼的组织学特征,为儿童骨骼残片的法医学鉴定提供科学依据。方法提取儿童四肢长骨骨片,制作骨骼的组织切片,在显微镜下观察内、外环骨板,骨单位,骨细胞的组织学结构,比较儿童骨骼与动物及成人骨骼的组织学区别。结果儿童骨骼的骨单位形态与成人相似,骨单位间存在大量的内层骨板,与动物的骨组织特征相似。结论根据骨组织学特征,可以确定儿童的骨骼残片。     

Highly efficient and automated extraction of DNA from human remains using a modified EZ1 protocol

Bones and teeth often represent the only sources of DNA available for identifying human remains. DNA in bones and teeth is generally better preserved than that in soft tissues because of the presence of hard connective tissue with a high level of calcium. Because of the extensive mineralisation, the choice of an efficient DNA extraction procedure is important to minimise the sampling of a high level of minerals and to remove polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitors. Some protocols are available for DNA extraction from bones and teeth as part of the Qiagen EZ1 DNA Investigator Kit using the EZ1 Advanced XL automated purification platform. To improve the efficiency of DNA extraction from skeletal remains, the present study focuses on a modification to these already available protocols. In this study, different bones and teeth collected between 1 and 50 years after death were subjected to DNA extraction using the standard EZ1 protocol, a supplementary protocol, and a modified protocol. The modified approach included a decalcification step, whereas the Qiagen protocols worked directly on non-decalcified powder. In all three procedures, 150 mg samples were used for DNA extraction. We evaluated the quantity of DNA recovered from samples, the presence of any PCR inhibitors co-extracted, the level of DNA degradation, the quality of short tandem repeat (STR) profiles, and the reproducibility of the modified procedure. When compared with the other protocols, the modified protocol resulted in the best recovery of DNA that was free of PCR inhibitors. Additionally, the STR profiles were reliable and of high quality. In our opinion, the decalcification step increases DNA recovery by softening tissues, which allows lysis solutions to act more effectively. Furthermore, the use of two lysis solutions and the variation added to the EZ1 purification step allow for DNA recovery with quality and quantity superior to those of the previously available Qiagen-based protocols. These findings may be helpful solutions to the problems commonly encountered when dealing with difficult samples, such as bones and teeth.

Key points

• Bones and teeth often represent the only sources of DNA for identifying human remains.
• The choice of an efficient DNA extraction procedure is important for maximizing DNA recovery and removing PCR inhibitors.
• This study focuses on modifications to the previously available Qiagen-based protocols.
• The modified protocol enabled the best recovery of DNA, and both quality and quantity were superior to those of the previously available Qiagen-based protocols.
• The STR profiles obtained from samples extracted using the modified protocol were reliable and of high quality.

     

补肾填精法对兔骨折后不同时相骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的影响

目的 观察补肾填精中药对兔骨折后不同时点骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)分化为成骨细胞的影响。方法 将20只白兔随机分成4组,即正常对照组、骨折模型组、中药治疗组、西药治疗组。分离培养骨折端BMSCs,取P3代BMSCs并向成骨细胞诱导分化,分别采用碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase, ALP）试剂盒、骨钙素（osteocalcin, OCN）试剂盒检测ALP活性、OCN水平。结果 随着用药时间的延长,各骨折组ALP活性和OCN水平均逐渐增强。在骨折后第14、21天,中药治疗组ALP活性、OCN水平均高于其他3组。结论 补肾填精法可促进兔骨折后不同时点BMSCs向成骨细胞分化。     

“矫筋正骨法”针刀治疗膝骨关节炎临床疗效观察

目的 观察“矫筋正骨法”针刀治疗膝骨关节炎（knee osteoarthritis,KOA）的临床疗效和对步态的影响。方法 纳入KOA患者65例,采用随机数字表法随机分为针刀组和对照组。其中针刀组32例,行“矫筋正骨法”针刀治疗;对照组33例,行常规针刺治疗,分别于治疗前后采用视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分、美国特种外科医院（Hospital for Special Surgery,HSS）膝关节评分及步态分析的方法进行疗效评估。结果 与治疗前比较,治疗后两组VAS显著降低（P<0.05）,HSS评分中的疼痛、功能、活动度评分和总分均显著升高（P<0.05）,治疗后针刀组屈曲畸形评分也较治疗前显著升高（P<0.05）,治疗后针刀组和对照组步频、步速、步长均显著改善（P<0.05）;与对照组比较,针刀组治疗后VAS显著降低（P<0.05）,HSS评分中疼痛、功能、活动度评分和总分均显著升高（P<0.05）,步频显著改善（P<0.05）;两组患者综合疗效比较,针刀组显著优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 “矫筋正骨法”针刀可以显著减轻KOA患者的疼痛症状,并且可以使患者的关节功能、活动度以及步频同步得到改善,体现了KOA治疗中“筋骨并重、标本兼治”的思想。     

六味地黄汤通过树突状细胞Notch信号通路调节T细胞分化干预自身免疫性脑脊髓炎

目的 通过观察树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)Notch信号通路对CD4+T细胞分化的影响,探究六味地黄汤干预实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyeli-tis,EAE)的机制.方法 采用主动免疫法诱导2D2小鼠EAE模型,采用磁珠分选收集...     

李业甫筋骨并举整脊法治疗颈性眩晕临床疗效观察

目的 观察李业甫筋骨并举整脊法治疗颈性眩晕的临床疗效.方法 将80例颈性眩晕患者按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组40例.对照组患者采用常规推拿治疗,观察组患者采用常规推拿结合李业甫筋骨并举整脊法治疗.比较两组患者临床疗效,治疗前后颈性眩晕症状与功能评分、眩晕残障程度评定量表(dizziness handicap inventory,DHI)评分及椎-基底动脉血流速度.结果 两组患者临床疗效比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察组的治疗效果优于对照组.两组治疗后颈性眩晕症状与功能评分均显著升高,DHI评分均显著降低(P<0.05),且观察组改善程度显著优于对照组(P<0.05).两组治疗后左侧椎动脉、右侧椎动脉、基底动脉平均血流速度均有所增加(P<0.05),且观察组改善程度优于对照组(P<0.05).结论 李业甫筋骨并举整脊法可以有效调节椎-基底动脉血流速度以减轻患者的眩晕症状.     

新鲜鼻骨骨折CT诊断指标探讨

法医鉴定工作中,需要明确判断鼻骨骨折为新鲜形成,方可作为人体损伤鉴定的依据.通过案例追踪复查与已知陈旧鼻骨骨折对照及临床表现等方法,依据骨折断端锐利、骨折部位粘膜肿胀、软组织内有小片状低密度影等CT影像表现,结合伤后鼻面部肿胀、鼻出血、鼻腔通气不畅等临床表现作为新鲜鼻骨骨折的影像诊断指标.工作中,须重视鼻骨骨折新旧伤的...     

Tooth hop variability in human and nonhuman bone: Effect on the estimation of saw blade TPI

Forensic research has demonstrated that tooth hop (TH) is a valuable measurement from saw-cut bones as it can be used to estimate teeth-per-inch (TPI) of a saw used in postmortem dismemberment cases. However, error rates for TPI estimation are still under development and knowledge of how bone tissue affects TH measurements remains unclear. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of tissue variability through the use of different taxa on the accuracy and precision of TH measurements in the bone to estimate TPI of the blade. A total of 1766 TH measurements were analyzed from human, pig, and deer long bones cut by two 7 TPI saw blades of different tooth type. Fifty distance-between-teeth measurements before and after sawing were collected directly from each blade for comparison to bone-measured TH to assess potential effects of tooth wear on TH variability. ANOVA and F tests were used to compare mean TH and variance, respectively, by saw-species (i.e., crosscut-deer, rip-deer) and species groups (i.e., all deer, all pig), with significance determined at the p < 0.05 level. TH measurements were converted to usable TPI ranges, which would typically be presented in a forensic report. It is concluded that significant differences in TH (mm) do not necessarily reflect significant differences in associated TPI ranges of suspect blades. Forensic reports should report mean TPI ± 1.5–2.5 TPI while providing a sample size indicating number of TH measured rather than just number of cuts or cut surfaces examined.     

A Comparison of Histomorphometric Data Collection Methods*

Abstract: Although many variables that skeletal biologists examine have been standardized, the actual techniques used to collect these data from bone thin sections vary. This project compares different methods of obtaining data (relative cortical area values) for histomorphometric research. One visual and three digital methods of histomorphometric data collection are compared: (i) Merz microscopic eyepiece counting reticule, (ii) flatbed scanner, (iii) overlaying multiple images of a thin section, and (iv) digital SLR camera with macro settings. The discussion includes a comparison of usability factors such as cost, time, user‐experience, and ease‐of‐use, which vary for each method. Values from the different methods are compared using ANOVA tests to evaluate inter‐method, inter‐observer, and intra‐observer variability. Intra‐observer error was greater for the microscopic method, although the error values are concomitant with experience. We found no statistically significant differences between the four methods examined, but certain caveats must be addressed when these methods are used.