舌骨的法医人类学研究

目的建立利用舌骨形态测量值判别性别的方法,并探讨其在法医学应用中的价值。方法对于河北地区收集的108例舌骨样本(男78例,女30例)进行观察研究,确立11个观测指标并进行测量,测量值采用SPSS统计软件进行统计学分析,建立利用舌骨形态测量值判别性别的方程,并进行Fisher判别分析。结果在11项观察指标中,8项测量指标男女性别间存在显著性统计学差异(P<0.01);利用8项测量指标中的任一指标或之中的多个指标组合建立线性性别判别方程,方程判别性别的准确率在66%～92%,其中多指标的方程判别性别准确率较单一指标的方程高,最高达到92%。结论舌骨形态存在着性别差异,利用多个舌骨形态学测量值建立的性别判别方程准确率较高,可用于无名尸骨的性别判别。     

The Difficult Task of Assessing Perimortem and Postmortem Fractures on the Skeleton: A Blind Text on 210 Fractures of Known Origin

The distinction between perimortem and postmortem fractures is an important challenge for forensic anthropology. Such a crucial task is presently based on macro‐morphological criteria widely accepted in the scientific community. However, several limits affect these parameters which have not yet been investigated thoroughly. This study aims at highlighting the pitfalls and errors in evaluating perimortem or postmortem fractures. Two trained forensic anthropologists were asked to classify 210 fractures of known origin in four skeletons (three victims of blunt force trauma and one natural death) as perimortem, postmortem, or dubious, twice in 6 months in order to assess intraobserver error also. Results show large errors, ranging from 14.8 to 37% for perimortem fractures and from 5.5 to 14.8% for postmortem ones; more than 80% of errors concerned trabecular bone. This supports the need for more objective and reliable criteria for a correct assessment of peri‐ and postmortem bone fractures.     

Sudden Collapse due to Medullary and Cervical Cord Infarction—An Unusual Presentation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer worldwide with a great potential for metastatic spread. Hepatocellular carcinoma often arises in people with underlying viral hepatitides or liver cirrhosis and may present in various ways including abdominal pain, liver mass, and signs of hepatocellular decompensation. Many tumors may have metastasized to other organs such as the lungs, lymph nodes, bone, and adrenal glands at the time of diagnosis. However, it is uncommon for HCC to present purely due to its metastasis, such as spinal cord compression from vertebral metastasis. Here, an unusual presentation of a sudden cardiovascular collapse due to medullary and cervical cord infarction from compression of the cervical cord is presented. The importance of clinical investigations, the usefulness of postmortem computed tomography scans, and the examination of the cervical spine and cervical cord in people with no obvious cause of death after standard autopsy procedures are emphasized.     

牦牛发情周期中卵巢卵泡发育状况的组织学观察

运用组织学技术对36头处于发情周期的健康成年母牦牛卵巢卵泡的结构与发育状况进行了观察。结果表明,牦牛发情周期中卵巢卵泡发育的组织结构与其他牛基本相似。每对卵巢中原始卵泡数和生长卵泡数在发情前期、发情期、发情后期和发情间期之间差异不显著(P>0.05);发情前期的囊状卵泡数与发情期、发情后期和发情间期之间差异不显著(P>0.05),发情期和发情后期均与发情间期差异显著(P<0.05)。闭锁生长卵泡数在4个时期之间差异不显著(P>0.05);发情期的闭锁囊状卵泡数与其他3期之间差异极显著(P<0.01),发情前期和发情间期均与发情后期差异显著(P<0.05)。各级卵泡的闭锁形式各有特点。在生长卵泡、囊状卵泡及相应闭锁卵泡的卵泡膜中均见到了胶原纤维和网状纤维。     

Microscopic Pattern of Bone Fractures as an Indicator of Blast Trauma: A Pilot Study

The assessment of fractures is a key issue in forensic anthropology; however, very few studies deal with the features of fractures due to explosion in comparison with other traumatic injuries. This study focuses on fractures resulting from blast trauma and two types of blunt force trauma (manual compression and running over), applied to corpses of pigs; 163 osteons were examined within forty fractures by the transmission light microscopy. Blast lesions showed a higher percentage of fracture lines through the Haversian canal, whereas in other types of trauma, the fractures went across the inner lamellae. Significant differences between samples hit by blast energy and those runover or manually compressed were observed (p < 0.05). The frequency of pattern A is significantly higher in exploded bones than in runover and compressed. Microscopic analysis of the fracture line may provide information about the type of trauma, especially for what concerns blast trauma.     

人工感染黄曲霉毒素雏鸭的病理学动态变化

给7日龄樱桃谷鸭饲喂含黄曲霉毒素AFB1的饲料,分别于采食AFB1后第12、24、48、 72、96、120、144、168、192 h各剖杀2只雏鸭,观察病理变化并采取组织病料,制作石蜡切片观察组织病理学变化和超薄切片观察超微结构变化。眼观病变为气囊有黄色纤维性物质渗出,肝、肾肿大,质地变脆。组织病理学变化为胆管增生,肝细胞空泡变性及后期极度肿胀;肾小管上皮细胞颗粒变性和散在凝固性坏死;脾红髓淤血,脾窦扩张;大脑膜水肿扩张,脑实质毛细血管扩张;心肌纤维、十二指肠腺上皮细胞、胰腺细胞颗粒变性。超微结构变化为肝细胞中空泡大量聚集导致细胞核变形,肾上皮细胞线粒体肿胀变形,大脑神经细胞髓鞘溶解及胰腺细胞酶原颗粒减少。表明,AFB1 对雏鸭心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、十二指肠、胰腺等均有明显病理损害,以肝的病变最为严重和典型。     

多功能电动解剖锯的研制

目的　研制一种多功能电动解剖锯。方法　根据人体颅骨和脊椎骨的解剖学特点 ,结合微电机转动带动偏心摆动轴 ,传动摆叉 ,使锯片产生径向摆动 ,达到摆动切割的效果。结果　开颅平均为 6min ,开脊髓平均7min。结论　适用于法医学、病理学等各类尸体解剖开颅、开脊髓、截骨等。     

补铬对热应激蛋鸡甲状腺组织结构的影响

选择处于热应激条件下的 192只 35周龄新罗曼褐壳蛋鸡 ,随机分为 6组 ,分别饲喂添加 0、10、2 0、30、4 0、5 0mg/kg葡萄糖耐量因子 (GTF)的玉米 豆粕型基础日粮 5 2d ,试验结束时随机抽取试验鸡 36只 (每组 6只 ) ,取甲状腺称重并制作切片 ,观察有机铬对热应激蛋鸡甲状腺组织结构的影响。结果 ,试验组鸡甲状腺重量较对照组略有增加 ,滤泡上皮增高 ,细胞增殖 ,出现皱褶 ,表明补铬使热应激蛋鸡甲状腺组织结构呈功能旺盛状态。提示 :高温下给蛋鸡补铬的同时要适当补碘 ,以防因碘不足而引起甲状腺肿。     

骨密度检测在野生动物司法鉴定领域的应用前景

脊椎动物的体内存在着骨骼,骨密度代表了骨骼中骨矿物质的含量.通过对骨密度测量的多种方法及其基本原理进行介绍.因不同种属动物骨骼存在着差异,通过实验验证测量“面密度”的骨密度检测方法在动物骨骼检测时存在着很大的局限性,定量CT法（Qcantitative computed Tomography,QCT）测量的是“体密度”,能够避免各种“面密度”检测方法的缺陷,在动物骨密度检测时应当作为首选.最终提出骨密度检测方法可应用于动物司法鉴定领域.