“多无一体”的困境:我国养老服务体系的一个理解路径

我国养老服务模式的特点是政府主导下的“多元一体”,即“多元”参与者从属于政府主导的“一体”。这一模式的背景是我国在快速老龄化的过程中,政府、市场、社会多元主体的“缺失”。因此21世纪初开始了政府主动发育市场和社会的“社会福利社会化”的过程。但是目前仍存在市场发育和社会发育的困境:市场困境的主要问题在于公共筹资的不足导致没有形成足够购买力的市场,以及公共资源的配置结构造成公平性欠缺;而社会困境的主要问题则在于政府发育出的社会仍有更多行政化的特点,而缺乏一定程度的独立性。足够的筹资和恰当的支付方式,以及一定程度的独立,是走出困境的关键。     

我国儿童早期照顾政策框架构建——基于资源平等理论视角

我国儿童早期照顾领域存在照顾责任公私分担失衡、照顾资源分布不均、照顾劳动性别分工和代际分工不合理等现象,亟待公共政策干预。立足我国现实,以德沃金的资源平等理论作为伦理基础,可提出儿童早期照顾政策的伦理依据,即以保障儿童与母亲权利为核心原则,以保障父母工作-家庭平衡、祖辈老年权益为辅助原则。在政策分析中,首先基于政策网络模型,阐述政策行动者的网络定位及他们在网络间的互动关系,厘清不同行动者之间的资源与权力交换机制;然后利用图尔敏结构模型,提出具有开放性和包容性的政策方案,并最终形成旨在保障儿童和照顾者权利、促进家庭和社会发展的我国儿童早期照顾政策框架。     

Robots vs migrants? Reconfiguring the future of Japanese institutional eldercare

Japan faces a large and rapidly growing care labor shortage. A common assumption is that the government has a choice between alternatives that will shape the future of its institutional elderly care provision: increase the number of migrant caregivers, or use robots and other emergent technologies to substitute for human carers. This article, based on data from seven months’ ethnographic fieldwork at an elderly care home in Japan that was introducing three different types of care robot, challenges this binary framing. The introduction of these robots served to reconfigure care – increasing the amount of work tasks for human caregivers, deskilling aspects of care labor, and raising overall costs. The robots displaced rather than replaced human labor, recalibrating the distance between carers and recipients of care. While such devices may have been intended by politicians and engineers to solve Japan’s care crisis by replacing human caregivers, the reality of robot use makes this unlikely in the foreseeable future. Yet by reconfiguring care and helping overcome linguistic and cultural barriers – rendering it “culturally odorless” – robots may facilitate the introduction of migrant caregivers at the cost of the further precaritization, commodification, and devaluation of care work.     

A Tale of Two Inquiries: Sans Everything and Ely

The government acknowledged scandalously poor care of long‐stay patients in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in 1969. This followed the Ely Hospital inquiry, which emerged in the aftermath of revelations of abuse at seven hospitals described in Barbara Robb's book Sans Everything: A Case to Answer (1967). Allegations in Sans Everything and at Ely were similar. However, the inquiry committees which investigated, ‘disproved’ those in Sans Everything and upheld those at Ely. The Ely inquiry became pivotal to NHS policy reform for long‐stay mental illness and mental handicap hospitals, and for giving patients and their families a greater voice if they had concerns about inadequacies. This paper explains the relationship between Sans Everything and ‘Ely’ and analyses the impact of Robb's work—her high‐profile press campaign, networking, and determination to achieve improvement—which triggered revelations at Ely and elsewhere, and helped shape the course and constructive outcome of the Ely inquiry.     

“家庭办公”的工伤认定标准探究

互联网时代催生富有弹性的新型劳动样态，“家庭”与“办公”的结合在提高劳动生产效率的 同时对现行工伤体系提出了挑战。如在（2017）最高法行申 6467 号案件中，传统工伤认定的时空要素面对场所 功能混同而失灵，如何准确界分“家庭状态”与“办公状态”成为遂行要件判断的关键。同时，现行工伤认定的“危 险增加规则”失去适用基础，起因性因果关系在中性风险和混合风险中如何判断也成为难点。因此，亟需从现 实挑战入手分析工伤认定标准，重新依遂行性和起因性构建新规则，并围绕此两点确立总量理论为认定基准， 以应对家庭办公工伤认定的难点，从而进一步完善工伤认定体系。     

Deliberative Decision-Making on the Norwegian County Social Welfare Board: The Experiences of Expert and Lay Members

This article examine the entire population of expert and lay decision-makers on the Norwegian County Social Welfare Board, with 57% responding (n = 1598), asked whether they experience being fully informed about the facts in the case; are equal partners in the decision-making team, and if their arguments are taken seriously. Findings show they were highly satisfied with the proceeding and their role in it, and they positively highlighted the judge's role in the decision-making process. However, expert and lay persons are not provided with documents in a timely manner, and some lay members felt subordinate to the other decision-makers.     

论竞价排名服务提供者注意义务的边界

在搜索引擎竞价排名关键词引发的商标权侵权和反不正当竞争案件中,服务提供者的注意义务边界是判断其是否应当承担帮助侵权责任的关键。我国各地司法判决对此问题的回应呈现出一定差异。搜索引擎的竞价排名服务虽然属于广告业务,但与传统广告不同,其本质是一种网络信息检索服务。在个案中,应考查竞价排名服务提供者对于侵权行为的预见水平和控制能力,为市场竞争和技术的精进留下自由的发展空间,在消费者、权利人、市场经营者、网络服务提供者的利益之间寻求平衡。竞价排名服务提供者注意义务的边界的设定应当以追求社会福利的最大化为目标。     

不同职业类型居民的养老预期及养老方式偏好——基于吉林省的实证研究

职业类型对养老方式的影响在已有的居民养老方式偏好研究中尚未得到足够重视,所以考察职业类型对养老方式的影响具有现实意义。通过对吉林省不同职业类型居民的养老预期和养老方式偏好实证调查的数据分析以及引入养老预期作为中间变量的定性研究,我们发现:职业的稳定性和声望地位均影响居民的养老预期和养老方式偏好:职业稳定性越高,社会声望地位越高,从业者应对风险的能力就越强,养老正预期也就越高,因而更倾向于通过自己和商业机构养老。相反,职业不稳定和声望地位较低的人,养老的负预期就越明显,从而对政府和社会提供的公办养老机构的依赖程度就越大。     

新型农村合作医疗可持续发展研究——以临沂市新型农村合作医疗为例

改进和完善新农合制度,既是临沂市经济和社会发展的客观需要,又是广大农民群众的迫切要求。文章以临沂市新农合实施现状为例,采取访谈、文献等多种调查方式,对农民以及政府工作人员等进行深入细致的调查,在充分了解我市新农合发展状况的基础上,努力探寻影响该制度可持续发展的因素及可行的解决对策．以期为我市新农舍的健康运行建言献策。     

What Body Parts Do We Owe Each Other?

The American experience in organ transplantation illuminates the attitudes and practices that underlie the ongoing failure to establish a national health insurance system. In both spheres, the public makes a sharp divide between the well-being of intimates and the well-being of strangers. Private and public duties remain distinct; obligations recognized on a personal level do not expand public commitments. As a result, individuals must shift for themselves, whether they require an organ donor or a doctor. In the world of transplantation as in the world of health care more generally, we are all on our own.